RESUMO
The objective was to study the clinical profile of high voltage electrical injuries in Kashmir, and various prevention and safety measures to bring down the incidence of such injuries in the future. All patients (176) with high voltage electrical injuries reporting to our centre from January 2001 to December 2010 were included in the study. The most common age group was 20-40 years, with mean age of 29.77 ± 8.98 years. Incidence was higher among the rural population (68.75%) than in urban areas (31.25%), and in the winter months. Electricians comprised 47.16% of victims. The most common mode of injury was touching a live wire directly or indirectly, and was seen in 63.64% of victims. Average total body surface burned was 15.27 ± 10.15 percent. Right upper limb was most commonly involved (64.20% of patients). Compartment syndrome was seen in 40.34% of patients, and fasciotomies on all the affected limbs saved around half of them. An average of 3.91 surgical procedures per patient were performed. Around one-third of the victims required major amputations. Reconstructive procedures were required in 49.43% of patients. Average hospital stay was 26.81 days. Average mortality rate was 2.27%. High voltage electrical injuries are not uncommon in the Kashmir Valley, and electrical workers are at higher risk. The incidence of high voltage injuries would not be so high if the workers were properly trained, hazards of high-tension lines were explained and the use of safety equipment was made mandatory.
L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier l'épidémiologie des électrisations par haut voltage au Cachemire pour définir des axes de prévention. Les dossiers des 176 patients s'étant présentés dans notre CTB en raison de ce type de blessure entre janvier 2001 et décembre 2010 ont été étudiés. L'âge moyen était de 29,77 +/- 8,98 ans, avec une majorité de patients de la tranche 20-40 ans. Ils étaient en majorité (68,75%) ruraux et l'accident était plus fréquent en hiver. Les électriciens représentaient 47,16% des patients. Le contact, direct ou indirect, avec une ligne était le mécanisme le plus fréquent (63,64%). La surface brûlée était de 15,27 +/- 10,15% et le membre supérieur droit était atteint dans 64,2% des cas. Un syndrome compartimental a été observé dans 40,34% des cas, des aponévrotomies ayant permis de sauver la moitié des membres atteints. Les patients ont eu besoin d'une moyenne de 3,91 interventions chirurgicales, 1/3 d'entre eux ayant dû être amputés et presque la moitié (49,43%) du total ayant eu besoin de chirurgie reconstructrice. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation a été de 26,81 jours, la mortalité de 2,27%. Les électrisations par haut voltage ne sont pas rares au Cachemire, les électriciens étant des sujets à risque. L'incidence serait moindre si les professionnels avaient une meilleure éducation sur les dangers de l'électricité et si l'utilisation des équipements de protection était rendue obligatoire.
RESUMO
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is an important pathogen of various domestic animals. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play a major role in pathogenesis and immunogenicity of P. multocida. The aim of the study was to develop indirect enzyme linked immuno sorbant assay (ELISA) based on OMPs to ascertain the antibody titers in animals post-infection or to gauge the potency of vaccine. The OMPs were extracted and purified from P. multocida P:52 (vaccine strain) and P. multocida B:2 isolated from natural outbreak of Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and analyzed on SDS PAGE and through western blot. The OMPs profile of the vaccine strain and the isolate from the natural outbreak of HS were found to be similar. Optimization of various components viz. coating antigens, anti-species conjugate, etc. were carried out against both anti-P. multocida hyper immune and pre immune serum. Validation of OMP based indirect ELISA assay to measure immune response against P. multocida in bovine revealed 91% diagnostic sensitivity (DSN) and about 100% diagnostic specificity (DSP) at 25% cut off. OMP based indirect ELISA was found to be more specific, but less sensitive as compared to WCL based assay.
RESUMO
Various bacterial species, particularly Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes (previously Arcanobacterium pyogenes) and Treponema spp., have been implicated in infectious conditions manifesting in lameness in sheep and goat populations. The current study reports the causes of infectious lameness in the north-western Himalayan region, particularly Himachal Pradesh (HP), where no such study has been conducted in the past. Among a total surveyed population of 27,586 animals, comprised of 15,006 sheep and 12,580 goats, 216 samples were collected from foot lesions. A total of 6.48% (14/216) samples were positive for D. nodosus, 20.83% (45/216) for F. necrophorum and 20.37% (44/216) for T pyogenes. In three instances, all of the three aforementioned bacteria were present in a single foot lesion. Most of the positive samples were from areas in the state of HP adjoining the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), where footrot is endemic. The confirmation of footrot in HP and the fact that F. necrophorum and T pyogenes were detected from cases of foot/hoof infection in high numbers emphasises thatthese organisms play an important role in inducing morbidity in migratory sheep and goats. The present investigation also confirms the detection of D. nodosus from cases of footrot for the first time from HP. With new reports identifying F. necrophorum as a pathogen with a potential role in aggravating infection caused by footrot, the development of a combined vaccine to prevent lameness in sheep and goats in the north-western Himalayan region has been suggested.
