Serum NT-proBNP level for predicting functional outcomes after acute ischemic stroke.

N-terminus pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been studied and recognized as a biomarker of cardiac thrombogenicity and stroke risk. However, the association between NT-proBNP and functional outcomes following acute ischemic stroke is still debated. This study aimed to investigate whether serum NT-proBNP level is associated with functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke individuals. This prospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke, and serum NT-proBNP levels were measured within 72 h. At 3 months, all patients were followed up for a modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of NT-proBNP on the primary outcome, in which a score of 3-6 was classified as an unfavorable functional outcome. Sixty-seven patients were enrolled in the study, and 23 (34.3%) patients were identified with an unfavorable functional outcome. Elevated serum NT-proBNP levels (> 100 pg/mL) were observed in 57 (85.1%) patients, and the Youden index demonstrated a cutpoint estimation of poor outcomes at 476 pg/mL with 74% sensitivity and 63% specificity. Multivariate regression analysis showed an elevation of NT-proBNP above the cutpoint level was an independent predictor for unfavorable functional outcomes, odds ratio 3.77, 95% confidence interval (1.04-13.62), P = 0.04. The present study demonstrated that elevated serum NT-proBNP levels were expected among acute ischemic stroke patients and represented the risk of unfavorable functional outcomes, suggesting that NT-proBNP might be a useful biomarker for predicting prognosis after ischemic stroke.

A Simplified Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital Newly-Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant cause of stroke, and newly diagnosed AF (NDAF) is typically detected in the early period of stroke onset. We aimed to identify the factors associated with in-hospital NDAF in acute ischemic stroke patients and developed a simplified clinical prediction model. Methods: Patients with cryptogenic stroke aged 18 years or older who were admitted between January 2017 and December 2021 were recruited. NDAF was determined by inpatient cardiac telemetry. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate the factors associated with in-hospital NDAF. The predictive model was developed using regression coefficients. Results: The study enrolled 244 eligible participants, of which 52 NDAFs were documented (21.31%), and the median time to detection was two days (1-3.5). After multivariable regression analysis, parameters significantly associated with in-hospital NDAF were elderly (>75 years) (adjusted Odds ratio, 2.99; 95% confident interval, 1.51-5.91; P = 0.002), female sex (2.08; 1.04-4.14; P = 0.04), higher admission national institute of health stroke scale (1.04; 1.00-1.09; P = 0.05), and presence of hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (2.33; 1.13-4.79; P = 0.02). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve resulted in 0.74 (95% CI 0.65-0.80), and the cut-point of 2 showed 87% sensitivity and 42% specificity. Conclusion: The validated and simplified risk scores for predicting in-hospital NDAF primarily rely on simplified parameters and high sensitivity. It might be used as a screening tool for in-hospital NDAF in stroke patients who initially presumed cryptogenic stroke.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with thrombopoietin receptor agonist: Case reports and literature review.

Introduction and importance: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is an uncommon adverse event in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients treated with thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Case presentation: We reported two cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after eltrombopag administration. The first case is a 29-year-old ITP woman who recently initiated eltrombopag one month before admission. She presented with progressive headache, visual disturbance, and nausea for six days with unremarkable physical examination except for bilateral optic disc edema. She was treated with enoxaparin and switched to edoxaban when discharged. The second case is a 75-year-old man with a history of vaccine-induced ITP. He was initially treated with dexamethasone and eltrombopag. One month later, he developed acute cerebral venous thrombosis with hemorrhagic infarction in the bilateral frontal lobes. Even though he was treated with intravenous heparin, his status was not improved. He received the best supportive care. Discussion: The pathophysiology of TPO-RAs-associated cerebral venous sinus thrombosis remained unclear but might associate with platelet activation. Most cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis occur within two months, thus closed platelet monitoring is important. Conclusion: Careful use and closed monitoring might prevent this event. Indications of initiation and tapering must be considered before TPO-RAs administration. Off-label use may enhance TPO-RA side effects.

Conglomerate ring and tract-like enhancement lesions: Neuroimaging in Listeria monocytogenes brain abscess.

This report aims to describe a characteristic neuroimaging of Listeria monocytogenes brain abscess in predisposed patients. A 56-year-old man presented with fever and headache for 3 weeks. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed pleocytosis with lymphocytosis, high protein, and low glucose. Both hemoculture and CSF culture yielded L monocytogenes. Another case is a 23-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, who presented with fever, headache and left hemiparesis. CSF showed pleocytosis with polymorphonuclear cells predominance and low glucose. Hemoculture positive for L monocytogenes. Their MRI brain revealed conglomerate ring and tract-like enhancement lesions at the right parietotemporal lobe. The patients were diagnosed with L monocytogenes brain abscess. They received a high dose of ceftriaxone and ampicillin for 6 weeks. The clinical and MRI at the end of treatment was a substantial improvement. Our information can help the physician concern about this pathogen in patients who presented with brain abscess and had these MRI findings.

Acute parkinsonism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and review of the literature.

Purpose of the study: Parkinsonism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is rare. This study reported a case of parkinsonism in SLE and reviewed the clinical features and outcomes of parkinsonism in SLE patients.Methods: English language literature of parkinsonism in SLE patients was reviewed.Results: There were 28 patients (19 adults and 9 children) with SLE and parkinsonism. Twenty-three patients were female. Of 26 patients whose disease duration was available parkinsonism occurred at SLE diagnosis and after SLE diagnosis in 6 and 20 patients, respectively. Twenty-five patients had active SLE. Hematologic, mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal systems were the 3 most common organs involved in SLE during parkinsonism onset. Rigidity, bradykinesia and resting tremor were the 3 most common parkinsonian symptoms. Compared with adults, child cases had significantly more psychosis (4 in 9 vs. 1 in 19, p = .026), seizures or psychosis (6 in 9 vs. 2 in 19, p = .005) and mutism (6 in 9 vs. none, p < .001). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 13 of 24 patients. Eight of nine patients had abnormal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and 5 and 3 showed hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion, respectively. The outcomes were resolution, partial response and persistent symptoms in 17, 7 and 4 patients, respectively. The outcome was no different whether or not dopamine therapy was included to corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs.Conclusions: Parkinsonism in SLE usually occurs during active SLE disease. Good response to corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive drugs supports the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis.

Implications of the Presence of Hyperdense Middle Cerebral Artery Sign in Determining the Subtypes of Stroke Etiology.

BACKGROUND: Identifying stroke subtypes is crucial in choosing appropriate treatment, predicting outcomes, and managing recurrent stroke prevention. OBJECTIVES: To study the association of hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) on noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) brain and subtypes of stroke etiology. METHODS: This is a retrospective hypothesis testing study. Patients aged 18 or over who had middle cerebral artery occlusion symptoms with HMCAS with verification on brain NCCT and received intravenous thrombolysis between January 2016 and June 2019 were enrolled. The demographic data, clinical outcomes, stroke subtypes, and characteristics of HMCAS were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Ninety-nine out of 299 enrolled patients presented with HMCAS. The most common stroke subtype was cardioembolism (59%). Of the baseline characteristics, hypertension was more common in cases of large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) (86.4%), and atrial fibrillation (AF) was the highest in cardioembolism (44.8%). HMCAS disappearance in cardioembolism was lowest compared to LAA and others (63% vs. 91% vs. 94.7%, respectively). The univariable analysis found that HMCAS disappearance is significantly associated with all stroke subtypes (Odds ratio, 95% confidence interval 10.58, 1.31-85.43; P = 0.027 for other and 5.88, 1.24-27.85; P = 0.026 for LAA). Multinomial logistic regression found that body weight and hypertension were associated with the LAA subtype. AF and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) were associated with cardioembolism. CONCLUSION: The most likely diagnosis from the presence of HMCAS is cardioembolism, but the definite stroke etiologic subtype can not be identified. Combining the patient risk factors, including body weight, hypertension, and AF, with HMCAS and its characteristics will predict stroke subtypes more accurately.

Serum Uric Acid, Serum Uric Acid to Serum Creatinine Ratio and Serum Bilirubin in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that a low serum uric acid (SUA) level associates with Parkinson's disease (PD), but many of them did not exclude patients with impaired renal function. Studies on the association between serum bilirubin level and PD also are limited. This study determined the association between SUA level, SUA/serum creatinine (SCr) ratio and serum bilirubin levels in PD patients with normal renal and liver functions. METHODS: The PD patients from a neurological clinic, and the controls from the club for the elderly, were recruited into this study. The PD stage and motor and non-motor function were determined by the Hoehn-Yahr (H&Y) scale and unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS), respectively. RESULTS: Sixty-one PD patients and 135 controls participated. The SUA/SCr ratio, but not SUA, was significantly lower in the PD patients than in the controls (4.12 ± 0.90 vs. 4.59 ± 1.04, P = 0.003). Serum total bilirubin (TB) and indirect bilirubin (IDB) were significantly higher in the PD patients (7.92 ± 3.67 µmol/L vs. 6.59 ± 2.78 µmol/L, P = 0.003 and 4.52 ± 2.48 µmol/L vs. 3.26 ± 1.82 µmol/L, P < 0.001), respectively. Serum TB and IDB, but not SUA or SUA/SCr ratio, were associated negatively with PD stages (P = 0.010 and P = 0.014, respectively). There was no association between TB, IDB, SUA or SUA/SCr ratio and PD disease duration or motor subtypes. No significant correlation was found between SUA or SUA/SCr ratio, serum TB and IDB. CONCLUSION: The SUA/SCr ratio is more sensitive than SUA in determining their association with PD. The high serum TB and IDB levels in PD patients compared with the controls suggest that serum bilirubin might play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the lack of association between SUA or the SUA/SCr ratio and serum TB or IDB suggests that these two biomarkers play a different role in the etiopathogenesis of PD.