Diversity and representation in ADHD psychosocial treatment research: A comprehensive synthesis with data from over 10,000 participants.

Demographic data from nearly 50 years of treatment research for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are synthesized. Comprehensive search identified ADHD treatment studies that were between-group designs, included a psychosocial, evidence-based treatment, and were conducted in the United States. One hundred and twenty-six studies that included 10,604 youth were examined. Reporting of demographics varied with 48% of studies (k = 61) reporting ethnicity, 73% (k = 92) reporting race, 80% (k = 101) reporting age (M age = 8.81, SD = 2.82), and 88% (k = 111) reporting gender. Most participants identified as non-Hispanic/Latine (15.99% Hispanic/Latine), White (62.54%), and boys (74.39%; 24.47% girls). Since the 1970s, zero youth in ADHD treatment studies identified as Middle Eastern/North African, 0.1% were American Indian/Alaskan Native or Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander, 1.77% were Asian, 15.10% were Black, and 3.14% were Multiracial. Based on publication year, the proportions of girls, racially minoritized youth, and Hispanic/Latine youth included in ADHD treatment research have increased over time. Girls, non-binary and non-cisgender youth, young children, adolescents, Hispanic/Latine youth, and youth from all racial groups other than White are underrepresented in ADHD treatment research. Research gaps are discussed, and recommendations for comprehensive demographic reporting in child and adolescent psychological research are provided.

Sentence Repetition as a Diagnostic Tool for Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: This systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis examines the accuracy of sentence repetition (SR) tasks in distinguishing between typically developing (TD) children and children with developmental language disorder (DLD). It explores variation in the way that SR tasks are administered and/or evaluated and examines whether variability in the reported ability of SR to detect DLD is related to these differences. METHOD: Four databases were searched to identify studies that had used an SR task on groups of monolingual children with DLD and TD children. Searches produced 3,459 articles, of which, after screening, 66 were included in the systematic review. A multilevel meta-analysis was then conducted using 46 of these studies. Multiple preregistered subgroup analyses were conducted in order to explore the sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: The systematic review found a great deal of methodological variation, with studies spanning 19 languages, 39 SR tasks, and four main methods of production scoring. There was also variation in study design, with different sampling (clinical and population sampling) and matching (age and language matching) methods. The overall meta-analysis found that, on average, TD children outperformed children with DLD on the SR tasks by 2.08 SDs. Subgroup analyses found that effect size only varied as a function of the matching method and language of the task. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that SR tasks can distinguish children with DLD from both age- and language-matched samples of TD children. The usefulness of SR appears robust to most kinds of task and study variation. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25864405.

The short-term impact of remote instruction on achievement in children with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

There is nationwide concern that the abrupt transition to remote instruction in response to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic will have detrimental impacts on student learning. As a uniquely vulnerable group within schools, students with disabilities like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be at enhanced risk for these negative outcomes. The present study features a unique examination of achievement scores, collected for two Cohorts (2018-2019, 2019-2020) of students with ADHD. By collecting achievement data in both the fall and spring for each Cohort, direct comparisons between changes in achievement for Cohort One (2018-2019) can be made to those in Cohort Two (2019-2020). Analyses summarized remote learning practices, within-group changes in achievement data over time for Cohort Two, and between-group differences in score changes over time for Cohorts One and Two. Teachers used a variety of remote learning approaches, including videoconferencing and independently completed assignments. Student achievement scores in both Cohorts significantly improved from fall to spring. No significant differences were found in score growth between the Cohorts, indicating that the move to remote instruction did not have a differentially negative impact on Cohort Two. Implications focus on the promise of well-delivered remote instruction, and the need to examine individual factors (such as poor internet access) that may exacerbate the risk of students with disabilities receiving remote instruction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Parameters of Time-out: Research Update and Comparison to Parenting Programs, Books, and Online Recommendations.

In reviews published more than 30 years ago, eight parameters important to the use of time-out were identified and available research was summarized. The purpose of the current paper is to provide an updated summary of existing research for each parameter of time-out. Within each parameter, we conducted a thorough review of the published literature and identified all peer-reviewed articles addressing each parameter. We identified and summarized a total of 46 articles across the eight parameters, including 32 not cited in previous reviews. Sufficient findings were available to draw conclusions regarding time-out warning, schedule of time-out, contingent versus noncontingent release, and duration. Tentative conclusions based on only a few studies could be drawn in regard to instructional versus physical administration and verbalized reason for time-out. No conclusions could be drawn regarding time-out signal and specific time-out location. While we know much more today regarding effective implementation of time-out, there is a clear need for further exploration within these identified parameters. In addition to summarizing the literature, we reviewed recommendations made by behavioral parent training programs, parenting books, and parenting Web sites, and compared how well their recommendations matched current research based on the conclusions drawn from our review. We found that parenting sources made strong and specific recommendations on several of the parameters that were either not consistent with available research or simply lacked a sufficient research base.

Dosing Accuracy of Insulin Aspart FlexPens After Transport Through the Pneumatic Tube System.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether transporting insulin aspart FlexPens via a pneumatic tube system affects the dosing accuracy of the pens. METHODS: A total of 115 Novo Nordisk FlexPens containing insulin aspart were randomly assigned to be transported via a pneumatic tube system (n = 92) or to serve as the control (n = 23). Each pen was then randomized to 10 international unit (IU) doses (n = 25) or 30 IU doses (n = 67), providing 600 and 603 doses, respectively, for the pneumatic tube group. The control group also received random assignment to 10 IU doses (n = 6) or 30 IU doses (n = 17), providing 144 and 153 doses, respectively. Each dose was expelled using manufacturer instructions. Weights were recorded, corrected for specific gravity, and evaluated based on acceptable International Organization for Standardization (ISO) dosing limits. RESULTS: In the group of pens transported through the pneumatic tube system, none of the 600 doses of 10 IU (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0 to 0.6) and none of the 603 doses of 30 IU (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0 to 0.6) fell outside of the range of acceptable weights. Correspondingly, in the control group, none of the 144 doses at 10 IU (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0 to 2.5) and none of the 153 doses at 30 IU (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0 to 2.4) were outside of acceptable ISO limits. CONCLUSION: Transportation via pneumatic tube system does not appear to compromise dosing accuracy. Hospital pharmacies may rely on the pneumatic tube system for timely and accurate transport of insulin aspart FlexPens.

Impact of an interchange program to support use of insulin pens.

PURPOSE: The impact of a hospital initiative to reduce staff needle-stick injuries and overall insulin costs by switching from use of insulin vials to use of insulin pens for treatment of inpatients was evaluated. METHODS: An interchange program entailing a switch from vial-and-syringe insulin administration to insulin delivery via prefilled injector pens was implemented at a specialty clinic and hospital. Patient and employee incident reports were reviewed to identify insulin-related staff needle-stick injuries and to assess patient safety indicators during six-month periods before and after implementation of the interchange. Pharmaceutical purchasing data were used to compare total insulin costs for the two periods. RESULTS: In the six months after implementation of the interchange program, nurses treated 2,084 patients with subcutaneous insulin products; there was one staff needle-stick injury, compared with five injuries during the designated preimplementation period (2,118 patients treated). During the six months after the switch to insulin injector pens, there were four reports of wrong-drug errors (three errors during dispensing and one error during administration to the patient), all involving insulin detemir and insulin aspart pens; in addition, there was one reported wrong-time error associated with a sliding-scale order for insulin aspart. Total insulin product costs for the preimplementation and postimplementation periods were $124,181 and $60,655, respectively. CONCLUSION: Using an interchange program to support the use of insulin pens at a specialty clinic and hospital provided increased staff safety and cost savings.

Analysis of allergy alerts within a computerized prescriber-order-entry system.

PURPOSE: Allergy alerts within a computerized prescriber-order-entry (CPOE) system were analyzed. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate inpatient CPOE orders that triggered an allergy alert for one month in November 2007. Data were extracted from a computer-generated report to identify the total number of prescription orders and the number of orders triggering an allergy alert during the study time frame. When overriding an allergy alert from the CPOE system, prescribers had to choose one of three rationales: the benefit outweighs the risk, the patient previously tolerated the medication, and the medication is therapeutically appropriate. Data collected included the number of allergy alerts, allergy alert overrides, override rationale, and patients' demographic information. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. RESULTS: Allergy alerts were triggered on 643 (1.3%) of the 49,887 total orders entered during the month (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.4%). Alerts were triggered on a total of 289 patients, with a mean of 2 orders triggering alerts per patient. The median age was 65 years old. The median hospital stay for patients with an order triggering an alert was three days. Overall, 625 of 643 alerts (97%) were overridden for rationales as following: the patient previously tolerated the medication (49%), the benefit outweighed the risk (29%), and the medication was therapeutically appropriate (24%), and a free text explanation (8%). CONCLUSION: While a small portion of prescription orders generated through a CPOE system triggered an allergy alert, most of the allergy alerts were overridden by prescribers.

Accuracy of abstracts for original research articles in pharmacy journals.

BACKGROUND: Accuracy of abstracts representing original research articles is imperative since these are readily available and biomedical literature readers may not have access to the full-text article. Furthermore, previous reports document discrepancies in published original research abstracts compared with the full-text article. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of abstracts for original research articles published in nationally represented, widely circulated pharmacy-specific journals (American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, The Consultant Pharmacist, Hospital Pharmacy, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy) from June 2001 through May 2002. METHODS: Outcome measures included an omission, defined as data in the abstract not located in the article. In addition, abstracts were considered deficient if these included an omission, inaccurate factual (i.e., qualitative and quantitative) information presented in the abstract that differed from information contained within the text, an inconsistency in following the "Instructions for Authors" for the respective journal, or a discrepancy between the placement of text in the manuscript and a structured abstract. RESULTS: A total of 243 abstracts for original research articles were published in selected journal issues. Evaluation of these abstracts identified 60 (24.7%) abstracts containing omissions; 81 (33.3%) abstracts contained either an omission or inaccuracy. A total of 147 (60.5%) abstracts were classified as deficient. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this analysis demonstrate that improvements are needed within abstracts for original research articles published in pharmacy-specific journals. Authors and peer reviewers should analyze the abstract contents closely to ensure that the abstract accurately represents the full-text article.