Mummy berry pseudosclerotia survive for several years.

Organic blueberry production in the PNW has many challenges, including diseases like mummy berry caused by the fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey. Management recommendations focus on reducing overwintering pseudosclerotia, however, it is unknown how long they survive. Based on qualitative observations pseudosclerotia are hypothesized to survive multiple years after contact with the soil surface. The development of apothecia from M. vaccinii-corymbosi pseudosclerotia was evaluated over multiple years at a location without a history of blueberry production. A total of 1,000 pseudosclerotia were placed on field soil plots in 2018 and replicated eight times. Another 100 pseudosclerotia were placed in wire corrals on field soil and replicated fifteen times. Plots and corrals were regularly examined each spring for the emergence of apothecia. The pseudosclerotia were able to survive, germinate, and produce apothecia for up to five years after their placement. Very few pseudosclerotia produced apothecia in any year, varying from 0 to 18 at any observed time. Pieces of partial or whole pseudosclerotia were observed for up to three years after placement. Our study shows that a pseudosclerotial "seed bank" exists under blueberry bushes, necessitating a long-term implementation of mummy berry cultural management tactics.

[Pyoderma gangraenosum with special reference to immunologic and hematologic parameters]. / Das Pyoderma gangraenosum unter besonderer Berücksichtigung immunologischer und haematologischer Parameter.

Clinically, the diagnosis "pyoderma gangraenosum" can easily be made on the basis of typical skin features. It has been agreed, so far, that numerous immune deficiencies may play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. On reviewing the recent case reports, we observe a change regarding the associated diseases in more than 50%: Whereas earlier reports refer to ulcerative colitis as the most frequent concomitant disease, we now find increasing evidence of hematologic problems in association with pyoderm gangraenosum.

[Intraductal breast carcinoma. Clinical, x-ray and histological findings and their therapeutic consequences]. / Das intraduktale Mammakarzinom. Klinische, röntgenologische und histologische Befunde und ihre therapeutischen Konsequenzen.

116 cases of early ductal breast cancer diagnosed during 1971 to 1981 were analysed. In 65 cases no invasion was detectable. 37 cases showed an early stromal invasion and in 14 cases the invasion was questionable. A palpable mass was seen in 32% of the noninvasive and in 46% of the early invasive cases. The most important mammographic signs were grouped, suspicious microcalcifications (87%). Multicentricity occurred in 26% of the noninvasive and 43% of the early invasive cases. Two cases of the noninvasive and two of the early invasive group had axillary metastasis. Positive nodes were seldom in early ductal carcinoma (3%) compared to 42 invasive comedo-carcinomas (36% positive axillary nodes). In the follow-up five local recurrences were detected in the noninvasive group and one each in the other groups. In the noninvasive group 17% local recurrences occurred after breast conserving modalities compared to 4% in mastectomy patients. As no reliable data for the selection and the results of breast preserving modalities are available now, mastectomy and axillary dissection may be the safest therapy. Only in small intraductal breast cancer (under 25 mm) the breast may be conserved (wide excision, segmental resection, quadrantectomy), if complete excision is carefully controlled by mammography and histology and follow-up is guaranteed.