Prostate Metastasis in Oral Malignant Melanoma - A Case Report.

ABSTRACT: Melanoma is the ninth most prevalent and the second most lethal tumour. The aetiology and pathogenesis remain uncertain. It occurs in elderly people, over the fifth decade, and is predominant in males. Clinically, they present as an asymptomatic macular or nodular growth. The prognosis is impacted by the size of the tumour and distant metastases. Patients with distant metastases have a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%, constituting metastasis as the major cause of melanoma-related fatality. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for metastatic melanoma is immunotherapy due to the inoperable state, radioresistant nature of the tumour and high chances of cytotoxicity in chemotherapy. A senile male patient, who was diagnosed with oral malignant melanoma of the maxillary buccopalatal gingiva with distant metastasis to the liver and the prostate, is reported here. Although metastasis to the liver is common among malignant melanomas, in this case metastasis to the prostate gland highlights the rarity.

Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma in the Mandible Mimicking Dentigerous Cyst: A Report of a Rare Case.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a rare neoplasm of the salivary gland of which the intraosseous variety is commonly observed with a female predilection and the affected side is more commonly in the mandible. It is usually perceived as an asymptomatic swelling that increases in volume over a few months to a year. They more frequently present as a cortical bulging and are mostly discovered as an accidental finding in a routine radiograph as a well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucency resembling an odontogenic cyst. The most widely accepted treatment is radical surgical resection due to its recurrence or metastatic nature. The current case is quite unusual developing in the posterior jaw as a result of an impacted third molar in a 22-year-old female patient.

A Diagnostic Challenge of Oral Psoriasis in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Congenital psoriasis is a rare skin disease that can clinically manifest in the oral cavity in many ways. Although manifestations over the skin are frequent, oral manifestations are rare, especially in pediatric patients. A clear family history, proper examination, and investigations are essential to diagnose this condition. This case report aims to highlight the oral and systemic manifestations of a case of psoriasis in a male pediatric patient.

Capillary Hemangioma Managed With Laser Ablation: A Case Report.

Introduction: Hemangiomas are hamartomatous benign tumours of the vascular tissue, which are common among infants and adolescents and are found in the head and neck region. Oral hemangiomas are infrequently encountered in the palate. Baseline soft tissue imaging must be considered for an appropriate diagnosis and treatment approach. Case Report: A 68-year-old female presented with a painless growth in the roof of her mouth that gradually increased in its size. She was subjected to intraoral ultrasonography and was diagnosed with capillary hemangioma. In this instance, laser ablation was chosen as the preferred treatment due to the complications associated with the conventional surgery. Conclusion: This case report enlightens the systematic diagnostic approach and treatment plan.

Hemangioma of Tongue With Multiple Phleboliths Involving Multiple Spaces of the Right Side of the Head and Neck Region: A Case Report Along With the Importance of Specialized Imaging.

Hemangioma is one of the most common tumors of dilated blood vessels, which is usually present at birth and involutes over time. Although considered the most common tumor in the head and neck region, the oral cavity is less commonly affected. The occurrence of hemangioma in the tongue is very rare (14%). Changes in blood flow are dynamic within the hemangioma resulting in thrombus and phleboliths. Phleboliths are small blood clots that occur in a vein, which usually hardens over time due to calcifications. The phleboliths are also called vein stones, which tend to be oval-shaped and are generally less than 5 millimeters in diameter. This paper reports a case of hemangioma of the tongue. On routine radiographic investigation (orthopantomogram), multiple phleboliths were found extending over the right side of the jaw involving the ramus and body of the mandible, which was an incidental finding. On specialized imaging, the extent of the phleboliths turned out to involve multiple spaces, which was unexpected.

Herpes Zoster: A Case Report of a Rare Ramification Leading to Secondary Infection.

The herpes virus causes herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles). It develops years later in elderly patients who were affected by the varicella-zoster virus in their childhood. The virus gets reactivated and typically localizes its symptoms to a particular dermatome. If left untreated, it can lead to dental complications, such as osteonecrosis, tooth exfoliation, periodontitis, calcified and devitalized pulps, periapical lesions, and root resorption, in addition to developmental irregularities, such as abnormally short roots and missing teeth. Here, we present the case of a 61-year-old male affected by a rare bacterial superinfection followed by an HZ infection. Our report aims at making clinicians aware of the various potential complications that can develop after an HZ infection.

Atypical presentation of maxillary osteomyelitis in an immunocompromised patient.

Maxillary osteomyelitis is a relatively rare presentation. This condition is more often associated with underlying immunocompromised systemic conditions. Thorough clinical examination coupled with meticulous investigative protocol is needed to prevent the dreaded complications associated with the disease. With the emergence of new antibiotics and the use of advanced imaging modalities, the management of such patients has been better over the recent years. Oral physicians play a major role by providing primary care in the early diagnosis of such lesions, especially in immunocompromised patients, thereby improving the patient's quality of life. The present report highlights an atypical presentation of maxillary osteomyelitis in a newly diagnosed diabetic patient, with the importance of appropriate diagnostic workup, and prompt institution of treatment resulting in complete recovery.

Oral Pemphigus Vulgaris.

Pemphigus is a chronic mucocutaneous autoimmune disease with the clinical feature of blisters that initially appear in the oral cavity and later in the skin. The dental professionals play an important role in diagnosing the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment determine the course and prognosis of the disease. Systemic corticosteroids continue to be the standard therapy for pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Management of PV involves prolonged use of steroids to control the disease and prevent relapses, but associated adverse events constantly remain a great challenge. Regular periodic clinical evaluation of patients with pemphigus on steroids is mandatory. This article describes a case of a 50-year-old woman with multiple chronic ulcers in the oral cavity in whom the diagnosis of PV was made and treated. The case study is followed by a review of the literature including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, as well as the various diagnostic criteria and the therapeutic options of PV.

Superficial Mucocele: A Rare Presentation.

Superficial mucoceles are benign, small, translucent vesicles occurring in any part of the oral cavity, due to extravasation of saliva due to ruptured minor salivary gland ducts. This distinct entity presents as single or multiple asymptomatic vesicles. The etiology is unclear; however, these are not associated with a history of trauma, unlike the conventional mucoceles. These lesions tend to be recurrent and are occasionally associated with discomfort to the patients. Since they clinically mimic various vesiculobullous lesions such as pemphigoid, bullous lichen planus, or herpes virus infection, they are often misdiagnosed. Asymptomatic superficial mucoceles or lesions in multiple locations do not require treatment. Nevertheless, the treatment for lesions causing discomfort includes surgical excision, cryosurgery, and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. This case report describes a rare presentation of superficial mucocele along the midline of the hard palate in a 30-year-old male patient, which was histopathologically confirmed post-surgical excision; the patient is currently disease free with no recurrence for six months.

Eagle's Syndrome: A Case Report of a Unilateral Elongated Styloid Process.

When styloid process elongation or stylohyoid ligament calcification can lead to various symptoms, such as dysphagia, facial pain, globus sensation, and headache, it is termed Eagle's syndrome. It may be unilateral or bilateral. Though the overall prevalence in adults is 4%, only 0.16% of patients are symptomatic. Since the symptoms mimic several other orofacial pains and neuralgia, the diagnosis must be made through a detailed history, clinical examination, and various imaging modalities. The case of facial pain in a 22-year-old female patient who was diagnosed to have a unilateral elongated styloid process is discussed in this paper.

Persistent Buccal Swelling: Diagnostic Dilemma.

Taking a systematic and comprehensive patient history is undoubtedly an essential tool for a proper diagnosis. We report a unique case of a patient presenting with persistent buccal swelling, a rare presentation of two unrelated pathologies occurring concurrently. In this case, the presence of a lipoma was concealed by a dental abscess and an incomplete patient history.

Human immunodeficiency virus induced oral candidiasis.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a worldwide health problem, which affects in both developing and developed countries. The oral lesions caused due to this disease can drastically change the life of the patient, in terms of quality. We can also know the progression of the disease and also the important immune status of the patient. Lots of information on HIV is known in the developed countries and very less reports are available in the developing countries. The morbidity of HIV disease is due to its association with opportunistic fungal infection and the most common among them is oral candidiasis. Here, we present a case report on an apparently healthy male patient of 39 years, who had oral candidiasis and was one of the indicators for HIV infection.

Irregular periapical radiopacity in mandibular premolars and molars.

Increased deposition of cementum is observed in a wide number of both benign and malignant conditions. Many cases are often diagnosed during routine examination as an incidental finding. Diagnosing correctly without confusing it with other similarly appearing lesions, thus avoiding subjecting the patient to unnecessary investigations and stress, is of prime importance. We report one such case, where the patient presented with the routine complaint of a painful tooth, during the investigation of which he was also diagnosed with hypercementosis affecting the mandibular second premolars and molars bilaterally. The literature review reveals that not many cases of hypercementosis are frequently reported.