Nanoparticle-mediated cancer cell therapy: basic science to clinical applications.

Every sixth person in the world dies due to cancer, making it the second leading severe cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. According to WHO, cancer claimed nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common types of cancers reported have been breast (lung, colon and rectum, prostate cases), skin (non-melanoma) and stomach. In addition to surgery, the most widely used traditional types of anti-cancer treatment are radio- and chemotherapy. However, these do not distinguish between normal and malignant cells. Additional treatment methods have evolved over time for early detection and targeted therapy of cancer. However, each method has its limitations and the associated treatment costs are quite high with adverse effects on the quality of life of patients. Use of individual atoms or a cluster of atoms (nanoparticles) can cause a paradigm shift by virtue of providing point of sight sensing and diagnosis of cancer. Nanoparticles (1-100 nm in size) are 1000 times smaller in size than the human cell and endowed with safer relocation capability to attack mechanically and chemically at a precise location which is one avenue that can be used to destroy cancer cells precisely. This review summarises the extant understanding and the work done in this area to pave the way for physicians to accelerate the use of hybrid mode of treatments by leveraging the use of various nanoparticles.

Modal analysis of novel coronavirus (SARS COV-2) using finite element methodology.

Many new engineering and scientific innovations have been proposed to date to passivate the novel coronavirus (SARS CoV-2), with the aim of curing the related disease that is now recognised as COVID-19. Currently, vaccine development remains the most reliable solution available. Efforts to provide solutions as alternatives to vaccinations are growing and include established control of behaviours such as self-isolation, social distancing, employing facial masks and use of antimicrobial surfaces. The work here proposes a novel engineering method employing the concept of resonant frequencies to denature SARS CoV-2. Specifically, "modal analysis" is used to computationally analyse the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors i.e. frequencies and mode shapes to denature COVID-19. An average virion dimension of 63 nm with spike proteins number 6, 7 and 8 were examined, which revealed a natural frequency of a single virus in the range of 88-125 MHz. The information derived about the natural frequency of the virus through this study will open newer ways to exploit medical solutions to combat future pandemics.