RESUMO
Three types of chelating agents immobilized on glass were compared with Chelex 100 for removing and preconcentrating trace Cu(2+) from laboratory-prepared solutions. Columns of immobilized N-propylethylenediamine (diamine), its bis(dithiocarbamate) (DTC) and immobilized 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) quantitatively remove Cu(2+) (10-200 mug l. ) from buffered solutions at pH 6.00. Addition of isolated natural organic matter at concentrations typical of organic-rich fresh waters (25-100 mug l. ) complexed Cu(2+) and hindered the performance of Chelex and the immobilized chelating agents. In the presence of organic matter the DTC performed very well, removing about 98% of the Cu(2+). However, the Cu(2+) removed could not be readily recovered from the column. Chelex gave the poorest results, removing only 62 and 75% of Cu(2+) at the two levels tested. The other immobilized reagents gave results that were strongly dependent on their contact time with the solution. Longer columns and slower flow-rates tended to improve results. Overall, the immobilized 8-HQ is probably the most suitable of the materials tested for preconcentration work. A batch titration of 8-HQ with Cu(2+) monitored by ion-selective electrode indicated a conditional stability constant of 6.2 x 10(7), which is larger than the corresponding value for the complex with non-immobilized 8-hydroxyquinoline, measured under the same conditions.
RESUMO
A national survey of 703 pharmacy departments was conducted to obtain information on the status and scope of investigational drug services (IDS). Questionnaires were mailed to the directors of pharmacy departments of general medical and surgical hospitals with 300 or more beds and a university affiliation. The survey consisted of 27 questions that were primarily based on the ASHP guidelines for the use of investigational drugs in institutions. A total of 403 questionnaires were returned, 386 of which could be evaluated, 386 of which could be evaluated. Only 33% of the pharmacy departments adopted a minimal subset (7 of 11) of the recommended procedures based on the ASHP guidelines. All pharmacy departments with more than 40 protocols reported having a research pharmacist or a need for one. Of all of the protocols, 43% were sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, 34% by pharmaceutical companies, 16% by investigators and physicians, and 7% by various other sponsors. Drug information, monetary reimbursement for services,a dn coordination and communication were the most frequently cited areas in need of improvement by the drug sponsors. The most common types of protocols involved cancer research (56%) and infectious disease and cardiovascular studies (12% and 13%, respectively). Directors of pharmacy departments should review their investigational drug policies and procedures for compliance with ASHP guidelines as the first step in developing the IDS concept.
