Application of Fe Based Composite Catalyst in Biomass Steam Gasification to Produce Hydrogen Rich Gas.

A series of composite catalysts with different Fe-based load amounts were prepared and applied to the experiment of biomass gasification assisted by steam. The structure of the catalyst was analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, and H2-TPR. The effect of the change of Fe load amounts on the catalytic activity was studied, and the optimal conditions of the gasification reaction were selected. The relationship between catalyst structure and catalytic capacity was clarified. The results showed that under the optimal reaction conditions, the catalyst showed better catalytic activity when Fe load amounts were 10%. The proportion of hydrogen in the gasification gas is as high as 42.2% and the hydrogen production is 27.65 g/kg. The tar content reaches the lowest value of 34.07g/Nm3.

Study on Pyrolytic Mechanisms of n-Perfluorosilanes Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) and Perfluorocyclosilanes Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6).

In this paper, the pyrolytic mechanisms of n-perfluorosilanes Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) and perfluorocyclosilanes Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6) are studied in terms of kinetics and thermodynamics by theoretical calculation, and the pyrolytic reaction paths of Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) and Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6) are obtained, which can be used to guide the experimental preparation research studies and separation operations of Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6), Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6), and their intermediate substances. The results of the kinetic analysis show that the pyrolytic mechanisms of Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) are as follows: first, the silicon-silicon bond breaking induces the generation of free radicals; then, in the chain transfer, the related free radicals participate in F-abstraction transfer with the molecules; and finally, the free radicals form the molecules, and the chain terminates. The F-abstraction transfer is the easiest process to initiate in the low-order silicon-fluorine substance during the chain transfer while releasing SiF2 at the same time, whereas the generation of double free radicals is the most difficult process. The pyrolytic mechanisms of Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6) are as follows: first, the α-Si-Si bond breaking induces the generation of double free radicals; then, the α-Si-Si or ß-Si-Si bond breaks continually in the chain transfer; and finally, the double free radicals form the molecules, and the chain terminates. SiF2 is most easily formed by breaking during the chain transfer. In the pyrolytic processes of Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) and Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6), the chain initiation of silicon-silicon bond breaking requires the highest bond breaking energy, which is the control step of the pyrolytic reaction. The results of the thermodynamic analysis show that the pyrolytic reactions of Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) and Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6) are endothermic. When Si n F2n+2 (2 ≤ n < 6) undergoes a pyrolytic reaction and the temperature is higher, the main pyrolytic products are SiF4 and SiF2. When 600 K < T < 1200 K, the main pyrolytic products of Si4F10 are Si3F8 and SiF2, and when 900 K < T < 1400 K, Si5F12 can also convert to Si3F8 and SiF2. The main pyrolytic products of Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6) are SiF2. When the temperature is higher, the pyrolytic order of Si n F2n (3 ≤ n ≤ 6) is as follows: Si3F6 (ring) < Si4F8 (ring) < Si5F10 (ring) < Si6F12 (ring). However, if the temperature is in the range of 1000 K < T < 1200 K, the pyrolytic order is the opposite.

Chemical structure stabilities of a Si x F y (x ≤ 6, y ≤ 12) series.

In this paper, we construct a Si x F y (x ≤ 6, y ≤ 12) series optimised at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. At the same level, we perform frontline molecular orbital (FMO), Mayer bond order (MBO), molecular surface electrostatic potential (MS-EPS) and natural population analysis (NPA) calculations to study the chemical structure stabilities of these Si x F y molecules. The FMO and MBO results demonstrate that the chemical structure stabilities of the Si x F y (x ≤ 6, y ≤ 12) series are ranked (from strong to weak) as SiF4 > Si2F6 > Si3F8 > Si4F10 > SiF2 > Si5F12 > Si3F6 (ring) > Si5F10 (ring) > Si6F12 (ring) > Si4F8 (ring). Furthermore, the chemical structure stabilities of the chains are stronger than those of the rings, while the number of silicon atoms is the same. In addition, infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that SiF4 is the most stable among the Si x F y (x ≤ 6, y ≤ 12) series, followed by Si2F6, and SiF2 is unstable. The experimental results are consistent with theoretical calculations. Finally, the MS-EPS and NPA results indicate that compounds in the Si x F y (x ≤ 6, y ≤ 12) series tend to be attacked by nucleophiles rather than by electrophiles; also, they show poor chemical structure stability when encountering nucleophiles.