Alcohol induces hepatocytes necroptosis through the LC3/RIPK1/RIPK3 pathway.

Excessive alcohol consumption leads to serious liver injury. Necroptosis is a programmed cell death form, which has been confirmed to be involved in alcoholic liver injury. However, the exact mechanism remains still unclear. In this study, we found that ethanol caused hepatocytes necroptosis by activating receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3). Meanwhile, autophagy was activated in ethanol-treated hepatocytes. Accumulative studies have demonstrated a possible link between autophagy and necroptosis. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagy marker protein, is essential for autophagosome biogenesis/maturation. But little attention has been paid to its functional role. In this study, we explored whether LC3 was involved in ethanol-induced necroptosis. The data showed that LC3 interacted with RIPK1 and RIPK3 in ethanol-treated AML12 cells and mice liver by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and colocalization assay. Ethanol-induced necrosome formation and subsequent necroptosis were alleviated in hepatocytes by knockdown of LC3 or autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). These results demonstrated that LC3 accumulation facilitated the formation of necrosome by LC3-RIPK1 and LC3-RIPK3 interactions, eventually caused hepatocytes necroptosis after acute ethanol exposure. Our current research could potentially offer a new understanding of the intricate mechanisms involved in the development of acute alcoholic liver injury.

Clinical Status of Cardiac Rehabilitation Manners and Models.

Cardiac rehabilitation, which combines cardiology and preventive medicine, is an important part of treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Systematically, cardiac rehabilitation, including simultaneously inhibiting endothelial injury and promoting endothelial repair, is beneficial for physical and mental recovery and reduces the risks of recurrence and death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac rehabilitation has developed rapidly in the last 50 years. A preliminary system for cardiac rehabilitation has been developed in China. The present article mainly focuses on the progress of cardiac rehabilitation from the aspects of goals, measures, and modes of research in the current scenario.

Selenium nanoparticles: Enhanced nutrition and beyond.

Selenium is a trace nutrient that has both nutritional and nutraceutical functions, whereas narrow nutritional range of selenium intake limits its use. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less toxic and more bioavailable than traditional forms of selenium, suggesting that SeNPs have the potential to replace traditional selenium in food industries and/or biomedical fields. From the perspective of how SeNPs can be applied in health area, this review comprehensively discusses SeNPs in terms of its preparation, nutritional aspect, detoxification effect of heavy metals, nutraceutical functions and anti-pathogenic microorganism effects. By physical, chemical, or biological methods, inorganic selenium can be transformed into SeNPs which have increased stability and bioavailability as well as low toxicity. SeNPs are more effective than traditional selenium form in synthesizing selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidases. SeNPs can reshape the digestive system to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. SeNPs have shown excellent potential to adjunctively treat cancer patients, enhance immune system, control diabetes, and prevent rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, SeNPs have good microbial anti-pathogenic effects and can be used with other antimicrobial agents to fight against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Development of novel SeNPs with enhanced functions can greatly benefit the food-, nutraceutical-, and biomedical industries.