Bearing fault diagnosis with parallel CNN and LSTM.

Intelligent diagnosis of bearing faults is fundamental to machinery automation and their intelligent operation. Deep learning-based analysis of bearing vibration data has emerged as one research mainstream for fault diagnosis. To enhance the quality of feature extraction from bearing vibration signals and the robustness of the model, we construct a fault diagnostic model based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) parallel network to extract their temporal and spatial features from two perspectives. First, via resampling, vibration signal is split into equal-sized slices which are then converted into time-frequency images by continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Second, LSTM extracts the time-correlation features of 1D signals as one path, and 2D-CNN extracts the local frequency distribution features of time-frequency images as another path. Third, 1D-CNN further extracts integrated features from the fusion features yielded by former parallel paths. Finally, these categories are calculated through the softmax function. According to experimental results, the proposed model has satisfactory diagnostic accuracy and robustness in different contexts on two different datasets.

Circulation of influenza C virus of C/Sao Paulo/378/82 lineage among pediatric acute respiratory cases, Shandong, China.

Influenza C virus (ICV) was identified in five pediatric acute respiratory cases in Shandong. Co-infection with other respiratory viruses was detected in four of these cases. Two ICV genomes were obtained and clustered in the S1-sublineage of C/Sao Paulo/378/82, indicating that genetically diverse ICV strains have been circulating in mainland China.

A Neonatal Murine Model of Coxsackievirus A6 Infection for Evaluation of Antiviral and Vaccine Efficacy.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a global health concern. Family Picornaviridae members, particularly enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), are the primary etiological agents of HFMD; however, a third enterovirus A species, CVA6, has been recently associated with epidemic outbreaks. Study of the pathogenesis of CVA6 infection and development of antivirals and vaccines are hindered by a lack of appropriate animal models. We have developed and characterized a murine model of CVA6 infection that was employed to evaluate the antiviral activities of different drugs and the protective efficacies of CVA6-inactivated vaccines. Neonatal mice were susceptible to CVA6 infection via intramuscular inoculation, and the susceptibility of mice to CVA6 infection was age and dose dependent. Five-day-old mice infected with 105.5 50% tissue culture infective doses of the CVA6 WF057R strain consistently exhibited clinical signs, including reduced mobility, lower weight gain, and quadriplegia with significant pathology in the brain, hind limb skeletal muscles, and lungs of the infected mice in the moribund state. Immunohistochemical analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses showed high viral loads (11 log10/mg) in skeletal muscle, and elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6; >2,000 pg/ml) were associated with severe viral pneumonia and encephalitis. Ribavirin and gamma interferon administered prophylactically diminished CVA6-associated pathology in vivo, and treatment with IL-6 accelerated the death of neonatal mice. Both specific anti-CVA6 serum and maternal antibody play important roles in controlling CVA6 infection and viral replication. Collectively, these findings indicate that this neonatal murine model will be invaluable in future studies to develop CVA6-specific antivirals and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Although coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) infections are commonly mild and self-limiting, a small proportion of children may have serious complications, such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and neurorespiratory syndrome, leading to fatalities. We have established a mouse model of CVA6 infection by inoculation of neonatal mice with a CVA6 clinical isolate that produced consistent pathological outcomes. Here, using this model of CVA6 infection, we found that high levels of IL-6 were associated with severe viral pneumonia and encephalitis, as in an evaluation of antiviral efficacy in vivo, IL-6 had no protective effect and instead accelerated death in neonatal mice. We demonstrated that, as antiviral drugs, both gamma interferon and ribavirin played important protective roles in the early stages of infection, with increased survival in treated neonatal mice challenged with CVA6. Moreover, active and passive immunization with the inactivated vaccines and anti-CVA6 serum also protected mice against homologous challenge infections.