Single-cell sequencing in primary intraocular tumors: understanding heterogeneity, the microenvironment, and drug resistance.

Retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM) are the most common primary intraocular tumors in children and adults, respectively. Despite continued increases in the likelihood of salvaging the eyeball due to advancements in local tumor control, prognosis remains poor once metastasis has occurred. Traditional sequencing technology obtains averaged information from pooled clusters of diverse cells. In contrast, single-cell sequencing (SCS) allows for investigations of tumor biology at the resolution of the individual cell, providing insights into tumor heterogeneity, microenvironmental properties, and cellular genomic mutations. SCS is a powerful tool that can help identify new biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted therapy, which may in turn greatly improve tumor management. In this review, we focus on the application of SCS for evaluating heterogeneity, microenvironmental characteristics, and drug resistance in patients with RB and UM.

Autophagy in graves' ophthalmopathy.

Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the eyes. It can significantly alter the quality of life in patients because of its distinctive pathological appearance and the effect on vision. To date, the exact pathological mechanism of GO has not been explicitly discovered. However, several studies have associated autophagy with this disease. Autophagy is a catabolic process that helps maintain homeostasis in all organisms by protecting the cells and tissues from various endogenous and exogenous stress factors. Based on our results, patients affected with GO have comparatively elevated levels of autophagy, which critically affects the pathological mechanism of the GO. In this review, we have summarized the autophagy mechanism in the pathogenesis of GO.

Epidemiology and survival outcomes of patients with orbital region non-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based analysis.

Background: Non-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (ncSCC) of the orbital region is very rare. Thus, its epidemiological characteristics and prognosis are poorly understood. The aim of the study was to assess the epidemiological characteristics and survival outcomes of ncSCC of the orbital region. Methods: Incidence and demographic data on ncSCC of the orbital region were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and analyzed. The chi-square test was used to calculate the differences between groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the independent prognostic factors for disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The overall incidence of ncSCC in the orbital region from 1975 to 2019 was 0.68/1,000,000, and the incidence showed an increasing trend during this period. A total of 1,265 patients with ncSCC of the orbital region (mean age, 65.3 years) were identified in the SEER database. Of these, 65.1% were aged ≥60 years, 87.4% were White, and 73.5% were male. The conjunctiva (74.5%) was the most common primary site, followed by the orbit (12.1%), lacrimal apparatus (10.8%), and overlapping lesion of the eye and adnexa (2.7%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, primary site, SEER summary stage, and surgery were independent prognostic factors for DSS, whereas age, sex, marital status, primary site, SEER summary stage, and surgery were independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: The incidence of ncSCC in the orbital region has increased over the past 40 years. It usually affects White people, men, and people aged ≥60 years, and its most common site is the conjunctiva. Orbital SCC has worse survival outcomes than SCC of other sites in the orbital region. Surgery is the independent protective treatment for ncSCC of the orbital region.

Epidemiology and survival outcomes of patients with primary intraocular lymphoma: a population-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis, but its optimal therapy remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to analyze the epidemiology and survival outcomes of PIOL patients based on a population-based cancer registry in the United States. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with PIOL between 1992 and 2018 were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program. The patients were divided into two groups: those aged < 60 years and ≥ 60 years. We used the chi-squared test to analyze the differences between the two groups. Descriptive analyses were performed to analyze epidemiological characteristics and treatment. The likely prognostic factors were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PIOL was 0.23/1,000,000, which was steadily increasing from 1992 to 2018, with an annual percentage change of 2.35. In total, 326 patients (mean age, 66.1 years) with PIOL were included in this study, 72.1% were aged ≥ 60 years, 84.4% were White, and 60.4% were female. The most common pathological type was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but in patients aged < 60 years, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue was the most common. The disease-specific survival rates were 74.2% and 61.5% 5 and 10 years after diagnosis, respectively. Survival analysis found that surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy did not lead to better prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: PIOL is a rare disease with poor prognosis, and its incidence has been increasing for nearly 30 years. It usually affects people aged ≥ 60 years, and DLBCL is the most common pathological type of PIOL. Patients aged < 60 years and with non-DLBCL type have improved survival. Survival of PIOL has improved in recent years.

Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of orbit: A population-based analysis.

Objective: Primary orbital lymphoma (POL) accounts for an essential part of adult orbital malignancies. Nevertheless, it remains a relatively rare lymphoid malignancy, accounting for <1% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cases. Orbital diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most prevalent subtypes of POL that confers the worst outcomes. The prognostic determinants of orbital DLBCL remain unknown. Therefore, a retrospective analysis was conducted by investigating the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for independent predictive factors for the prognosis of orbital DLBCL. Materials and methods: Using the SEER program, we acquired patient data including demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment strategies. Our cohort included cases of primary orbital DLBCL diagnosed from 2000 to 2017. We conducted Kaplan-Meier analyses to visualize the overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS). The Cox proportional hazard regression models were applied to assess the effects of these prognostic factors on OS and CSS. Results: The present cohort included 332 patients with orbital DLBCL. Age was the most impacted variable by orbital DLBCL. Three independent prognostic variables of orbital DLBCL were identified on diagnosis: advanced age, no radiation treatment, and late-stage (Stage IV). Moreover, patients who underwent chemotherapy demonstrated a greater OS when compared with those who did not. In orbital DLBCL, being unmarried was also a poor prognostic factor. Conclusion: The current study is the largest population-based case series of orbital DLBCL. The age at the time of diagnosis, marital status, absence of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and tumor stage were all found to be correlated with worse prognosis.

Onset and Recurrence Characteristics of Chinese Patients with Noncardiogenic Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Medicine Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate the onset and recurrence characteristics of noncardiogenic ischemic stroke patients in China. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter and registry study was carried out in 2,558 patients at 7 representative clinical sub-centers during November 3, 2016 to February 17, 2019. A questionnaire was used to collect information of patients regarding CM syndromes and constitutions and associated risk factors. Additionally, stroke recurrence was defined as a primary outcome indicator. RESULTS: A total of 327 (12.78 %) patients endured recurrence events, 1,681 (65.72%) were men, and the average age was 63.33 ± 9.45 years. Totally 1,741 (68.06%) patients suffered first-ever ischemic stroke, 1,772 (69.27%) patients reported to have hypertension, and 1,640 (64.11%) of them reported dyslipidemia, 1,595 (62.35%) patients exhibited small-artery occlusion by The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. Specifically, 1,271 (49.69%) patients were considered as qi-deficient constitution, and 1,227 (47.97%) patients were determined as stagnant blood constitution. There were 1,303 (50.94%) patients diagnosed as blood stasis syndrome, 1,280 (50.04%) patients exhibited phlegm and dampness syndrome and 1,012 (39.56%) patients demonstrated qi deficiency syndrome. And 1,033 (40.38%) patients declared intracranial artery stenosis, and 478 (18.69%) patients reported carotid artery stenosis. The plaque in 1,508 (41.36%) patients were of mixed. Particularly, 41.09% of them demonstrated abnormal levels of glycated hemoglobin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence in minor and small-artery stroke cannot be ignored. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, abnormal HbA1c, intracranial artery stenosis and carotid plaque were more common in stroke patients. Particularly, phlegm-dampness and blood stasis syndromes, as well as qi deficiency and blood stasis constitutions, were still the main manifestations of stroke. (Trial registration at ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT03174535).

[Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid in treatment of viral myocarditis (Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome) with TreeAge Pro].

To evaluate the pharmacoeconomic value of Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid in the treatment of viral myocarditis(Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome) by supplementing Qi, nourishing the heart, calming the mind, and relieving palpitation, the present study performed the Meta-analysis based on the published papers on Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid by AMSTAR and carried out pharmacoeconomic evaluation using TreeAge Pro by the cost-effectiveness analysis. The results showed that the quality of the included papers was good. After four weeks of treatment, Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid combined with the conventional treatment regimen was superior to the conventional treatment in improving creatine kinase isoenzyme, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, the treatment cost was also higher than that of conventional treatment, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CNY 95.89, accounting for 0.30% of per capita disposable income. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the research results were robust. Therefore, based on the assumption that the per capita disposable income in 2020 was the threshold of patients' willingness to pay, it is more economical for patients with viral myocarditis to use Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid combined with conventional secondary prevention regimen than conventio-nal secondary prevention regimen alone. The economic evaluation of Qidong Yixin Oral Liquid in the treatment of viral myocarditis will help physicians and patients choose optimal treatment options, improve rational clinical medication, and provide references for the efficient allocation and utilization of medical resources in China.

Effect of miR-184 and miR-205 on the tumorigenesis of conjunctival mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma through regulating RasL10B and TNFAIP8.

AIM: To explore the effect of miR-184 and miR-205 on the proliferation and metastasis of conjunctival mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. METHODS: Tissue of tumor and adjacent normal control from 5 patients with conjunctival MALT was included. RPMI8226 cell line was selected to verify the effect of miRNAs in B cells. The function of microRNA on the RPMI8226 cell apoptosis, migration and invasion was evaluated by apoptosis assay and Transwell assay. The mRNA and protein expression were examined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. The effect of microRNA on regulation of downstream gene expression was evaluated by luciferase report assay. RESULTS: A decreased level of miR-184 and miR-205 was observed in MALT lymphoma tissue. Exogenous miR-184 and miR-205 analogues promoted apoptosis, and inhibited the survival, migration, and invasion of RPMI8226 cells. miR-184 and miR-205 inhibitor reversed the process. The RNA and protein level of RasL10B and TNFAIP8 were downregulated in MALT lymphoma tissue. The exogenous of miR-184 and miR-205 promoted the expression of RasL10B and TNFAIP8. Meanwhile, inhibition of miR-184 and miR-205 repressed the expression of target gene, RasL10B and TNFAIP8. CONCLUSION: miR-184 and miR-205 suppresses the tumorigenesis of conjunctival MALT lymphoma through regulating RasL10B and TNFAIP8.

[Cognition of traditional Chinese medicine properties and thinking of clinical rational use of drug].

This paper discusses the rational use of traditional Chinese medicine based on chemical composition, body state and biological effect. The essence and connotations of traditional Chinese medicine are explained by modern scientific theory and technical means, and the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diseases is defined in modern medicine language, which is conducive to promoting rational and safe clinical use of drugs. Based on the chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine,the selected genuine medicinal materials were collected and processed in a standardized way, and then used in the combination with other traditional Chinese medicines, with the aim to improve the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical indications, increase the advantages, eliminate the disadvantages, and adapt to flexible and safe clinical drug demands. Based on the body state elements, clinical diagnosis and treatment shall be patient-centered, and doctors shall distinguish the differences of pathogenesis, symptoms and diseases, and consider the drug contraindications of special groups. According to the " dose-effect-toxicity" relationship, doctors shall select the appropriate dosage form, control the drug dosage, balance the benefits and risks of drugs, and carry out appropriate medical treatment. Based on the biological effect elements and the regulatory mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine on the target and pathway of disease, traditional Chinese medicine shall strengthen the precise positioning, provide accurate treatment; evaluate the safety of traditional Chinese medicine combination, explore the adverse reaction mechanism, strengthen the clinical safety monitoring of traditional Chinese medicine, and guide the clinical rational use of drugs, in the expectation of ensuring the safe use of traditional Chinese medicine and maximize the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine.

[Clinical comprehensive evaluation of Wenxin Granules in treatment of arrhythmia with deficiency of Qi and Yin].

This study evaluated the safety, effectiveness, economy, innovation, suitability, accessibility, and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine of Wenxin Granules in the treatment of arrhythmia(ventricular premature beat and atrial premature beat) with deficiency of Qi and Yin. The multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA) model was adopted, and the criterion layer and index layer were weighted by experts. CSC v2.0 was used for clinical comprehensive evaluation. This study embodies the clinical value of Wenxin Granules, promotes its safe, effective and rational use, and provides a basis for national medical decision-making. The multi-source evidence shows that the major adverse reaction of Wenxin Granules is gastrointestinal damage. According to the available studies, Wenxin Granules has controllable risk and thus is rated as grade B in terms of safety. The systematic evaluation of effectiveness shows that compared with antiarrhythmic western medicine, Wenxin Granules demonstrates improved clinical efficacy and electrocardiogram efficacy, which is supported by high-quality evidence, and thus the effectiveness of Wenxin Granules is evaluated as grade A. Economic research shows that Wenxin Granules is more economical than antiarrhythmic western medicine, which is supported by sufficient evidence and clear results, and thus the economy of this preparation is rated as grade B. The indications and contraindications of Wenxin Granules are clear and detailed to different types of arrhythmia, which, together with the precise positioning and prominent clinical innovation and industrial innovation, rates it as grade A in terms of innovation. The suitability of drug storage, prescription circulation, dosage form and course of treatment basically meet the clinical medication needs of doctors and patients, and thus the suitability of Wenxin Granules is evaluated as grade B. Because of the few restrictions and the sustainable resources of medicinal materials, the accessibility of Wenxin Granules is evaluated as grade A. The prescription compatibility focuses on the pathogenesis characteristics of deficiency of Qi and Yin, and there are more than 3 000 cases studied. Therefore, the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine of Wenxin Granules are evaluated as grade B. Based on the evidence from all the above dimensions, Wenxin Granules has the clinical comprehensive value of class A and prominent characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine. It is suggested to include Wenxin Granules into the policy results related to basic clinical medication management according to the procedure.

[Report standards for clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicine].

The clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs is an important basis for the return of clinical value, decision-making of medical and health authorities, and allocation of medical resources. In July 2021, the National Health Commission issued the Guidelines for the Management of Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs(trial version 2021), which required the evaluation to be implemented from the six dimensions(safety, effectiveness, economy, innovation, suitability, and accessibility), and made detailed arrangements for the clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs. As Chinese patent medicine differs from chemical medicines in terms of effective components and action modes, the clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicine should highlight the characteristics and advantages of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) on the basis of general requirements of comprehensive clinical evaluation of drugs. At present, in the clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicine, unified report standards have not yet been generated, resulting in the uneven quality of existing reports. To standardize the clinical comprehensive evaluation report of Chinese patent medicine and improve its quality, the editorial team, based on the relevant policy documents of clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs, formulated the clinical comprehensive evaluation report standards for Chinese patent medicine in combination with the previous practice and expert opinions. The report standards, containing seven sections with 15 items determined, focus on data source, evaluation content, evidence synthesis, quality control, and evaluation results supported with detailed interpretations to help researchers better understand and apply the report standards for clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicine, improve the report quality, and provide references for the decision-making by the national medical management authorities.

The Potential Role of Osteopontin in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Ophthalmopathy.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of osteopontin (OPN) and its relationship with relative cytokines in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), and to observe the effect of OPN on orbital fibroblasts (OFs) proliferation, migration, and the expression of relative cytokines, as well as the signaling pathways involved in its effect. Methods: The orbital adipose connective tissue was obtained from 24 patients with GO (12 cases of active GO, and 12 cases of inactive GO) and 12 healthy controls. OFs were isolated from orbital tissues obtained from patients with active GO who were undergoing orbital decompression surgery. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were performed to detect RNA and protein expression. The proliferation and cell migration rates of OFs were measured by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) and the cell scratch test. Signaling pathway inhibitors, such as OPN monoclonal antibody 1A12, ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, and PI3K inhibitor LY294002, were applied to determine the involved pathways. Results: The mRNA and protein levels of OPN were increased in orbital adipose connective tissue from patients with active GO than those from patients with inactive GO (2.83-fold increase, P < 0.001; 1.91-fold increase, P < 0.05). The OPN mRNA level was positively correlated with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and hyaluronan synthases 2 (HAS2) mRNA in patients with GO. OPN promoted proliferation and migration rate of OFs and induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and collagen I mRNA expression, and the effects were inhibited by 1A12 or LY294002. Conclusions: OPN in orbital adipose connective tissues were significantly increase in active GO, and there were significant correlations of OPN with CD40L and HAS2 mRNA levels in patients with GO. OPN promoted proliferation and migration of OFs and induced VEGF and collagen I mRNA expression in OFs through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This suggested a role for OPN in the pathogenesis of GO through the activation of OFs.

[Study of integrative evidence chain in clinical trial of Guizhi Fuling Capsules based on "Yibing Tongzhi" in clinical applications].

Guizhi Fuling Capsules is a new-type traditional Chinese medicine preparation made by modern process method. It was widely used to treat uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammation, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, mammary gland hyperplasia and other gynecological diseases. Under the combination of disease and syndrome, the diagnosis and treatment model of "Yizheng Tongbing, Yibing Tongzhi" with Chinese patent medicine has been widely used in clinical practice. Meanwhile, the effectiveness and safety have been given more and more attention. Based on the effectiveness of Guizhi Fuling Capsules, this paper preliminarily summarized the dominant diseases in randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews of Guizhi Fuling Capsules. On the basis of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmacological mechanism, the clinical efficacy and mechanism of Guizhi Fuling Capsules were explored. Finally, according to the traditional Chinese medicine theory of "Yizheng Tongbing, Yibing Tongzhi", all the clinical evidences were integrated to form an integrated evidence chain, so as to provide guidance for the safe and rational use of Guizhi Fuling Capsules.

[Analysis on 1 500 adverse reactions of Guizhi Fuling Capsules based on spontaneous response system].

To understand the characteristics of adverse reactions and find early warning signs after intake of Guizhi Fuling Capsules. The 1 500 adverse reaction(ADR) cases of Guizhi Fuling Capsules obtained by spontaneous reporting system(SRS) from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed by proportional reporting ratios method(PRR), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network method(BCPNN) and propensity score method. The number of ADR reports increased year by year, and reached the peak in the fourth quarter of 2014. A total of 1 500 ADR cases were monitored, including 10 severe ADR cases. There were a total of 934 cases aged between 18-44 years old, accounting for 62.27%. All patients were orally administered. Among them, 1 398 patients received a single dose according to the package insert, and 57.4% had ADR within 24 h. The top five clinical manifestations of ADR were gastric dysfunction, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and rash, which mainly damaged the digestive system. The ADR signals were analyzed. PRR suggested that "gastric dysfunction" and "abdominal pain" were the early warning signals of Guizhi Fuling Capsules. BCPNN suggested that "nausea" and "abdominal pain" were the early warning signals of Guizhi Fuling Capsules. After the propensity score weighting method was used to control the confounding factors, the warning signals remained unchanged. The results show that Guizhi Fuling Capsules has fewer adverse reactions and is relatively safe. This study provides a basis for studying ADR of Guizhi Fuling Capsules, and guidance for drug vigilance and risk management of Guizhi Fuling Capsules.

Altered Corneal Nerves in Chinese Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Patients Observed by In Vivo Confocal Microscopy.

BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a common endocrine autoimmune disease. The present study explored corneal nerve changes in TAO patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-eight Chinese TAO patients and 20 healthy individuals were included in the study. Central corneal subbasal nerve density and morphology were evaluated with in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy and quantified using automated CCmetrics software. RESULTS The values of the central corneal subbasal nerve plexus parameters of both active and inactive TAO patients were significantly decreased compared with those of controls, including corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD) (P<0.001 for both), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) (P<0.001 for both), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) (P<0.001 for both), corneal nerve fiber total branch density (CTBD) (P<0.001 for both), corneal nerve fiber area (CNFA) (P<0.001 for both), corneal nerve fiber width (CNFW) (P=0.046, P=0.027, respectively), and corneal nerve fiber fractal dimension (ACNFrD) (P<0.001 for both). In addition, CNFD and ACNFrD values were significantly lower in the active TAO patients compared with those in the inactive TAO patients (P=0.020, P=0.002, respectively). There were significant correlations between CNFD, CNBD, CNFL, CTBD, CNFA, and ACNFrD and the ocular surface parameters and activity assessment items. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal corneal subbasal nerves were observed in both active and inactive Chinese TAO patients, suggesting that nerve degeneration is associated with the disease. However, the exact underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

[Analysis of Qingkailing Injection in treatment of combined medication features of 2 147 cases of upper respiratory tract infection].

Acute upper respiratory infection is one of the common infectious diseases,especially in the elderly people. Qingkailing Injection has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying. It can be used for external wind heat,upper respiratory tract infection,viral cold,etc. Based on 2 147 cases of upper respiratory tract infection patients using Qingkailing Injection in the medical electronic data warehouse of the information system of 16 large class-A hospitals constructed by the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,description analysis,Apriori calculation and recurrent network analysis were used to analyze the effect of Qingkailing Injection on upper respiratory tract infection. The clinical characteristics and the law of combined use of drugs can provide reference for the mining of clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics and the construction of optimal and effective programs and paths. 2 147 patients with upper respiratory tract infection who used Qingkailing Injection were mostly middle-aged and elderly people over 45 years old,often combined with hypertension,ischemic cerebrovascular disease,coronary heart disease,diabetes,etc.; in treatment,it was more common to use Qingkailing Injection in combination with hormones,antipyretics and analgesics,antibiotics,nutritional support agents,antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic drugs,as well as traditional Chinese medicine Jiebiao agents and blood management agents. The combination of potassium chloride injection and cephalosporin injection is the most commonly used in combination with two kinds of Western medicine( 33. 2%); the combination of Shuanghuanglian and Ganmao Qingre Granules is the most commonly used in combination with two kinds of traditional Chinese medicine( 9. 13%); through the calculation of complex network group module,it is found that Qingkailing Injection is often associated with antibiotics,antipyretic and analgesic drugs,antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic drugs,antiviral drugs and anti infection drugs. Drugs,nutritional support agents,bronchodilators,immunomodulators and other chemical drugs are often used in combination with Chinese medicine,such as Jiebiao agents,expectorants,Qingre agents,resuscitation agents,Qufeng agents,tonics,Liqi agents,which may be related to both the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection and the basic diseases of middle-aged and elderly patients,with the theoretical characteristics of " combination of disease and syndrome,corresponding formula and syndrome". Based on the real world big data complex network group module mining results provide clues for the clinical optimization scheme and path construction,and provide signals and ideas for further causal research.

[Post-marketing surveillance on Guizhi Fuling Jiaonang based on literature review].

To systemically evaluate the post-marketing safety of Guizhi Fuling Jiaonang. Computer retrieval was conducted in Medline, EMbase, the Web of Science, Clinical Trials. Gov, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data and CBM to collect relevant information. The papers were then screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 234 papers were included in this study, including 164 randomized controlled trials, 7 quasi-randomized controlled trials, 8 non-randomized controls, 56 case series, and 1 cohort study. The patients were only treated with Guizhi Fuling Jiaonang in 56 studies, and Guizhi Fuling Jiaonang was combined with other drugs in 178 studies. The total ADRs/AEs incidence was 1.99% in single use of Guizhi Fuling Jiaonang, and 8.21% in combined use, but showing no severe adverse reactions. Gastrointestinal system damage was most common in mild ADRs. In this study, it was found that the overall safety of Guizhi Fuling Jiaonang was acceptable. The direct evidences of the drug's safety case reports were systematically analyzed in this study, but the mechanism study on the safety of the drug after marketing or the prospective long-term clinical observation study was not sufficient, so the further studies on the safety of drug use should be conducted in order to provide better guidance for clinical medication.

Correlations between diffusion tensor imaging and levels of consciousness in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to impaired consciousness. Recent diffusion tensor imaging studies associated consciousness with imaging metrics including fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). We evaluated their correlations and determined the best index in candidate regions. Six databases were searched, including PubMed and Embase, and 16 studies with 701 participants were included. Data from region-of-interest and whole-brain analysis methods were meta-analysed separately. The FA-consciousness correlation was marginal in the whole-brain white matter (r = 0.63, 95% CI [0.47, 0.79], p = 0.000) and the corpus callosum (CC) (r = 0.60, 95% CI [0.48, 0.71], p = 0.000), and moderate in the internal capsule (r = 0.48, 95% CI [0.24, 0.72], p = 0.000). Correlations with ADC trended negative and lacked significance. Further subgroup analysis revealed that consciousness levels correlated strongly with FA in the CC body (r = 0.66, 95% CI [0.43, 0.89]), moderately in the splenium (r = 0.58, 95% CI [0.38, 0.78]), but insignificantly in the genu. In conclusion, FA correlates better with consciousness levels than ADC in TBI. The degree of correlation varies among brain regions. The CC (especially its splenium and body) is a reliable candidate region to quantitatively reflect consciousness levels.

Progress on role of exosomes derived from leukemia cells / 中国病理生理杂志

Exosomes are bilayer-lipid membrane nanovesicle from almost all living cell types which are in-volved in intercellular substance transporting and signaling communication .Exosomes are 30 ~120 nm in diameter , can transfer bioactive molecules including DNA , RNA, microRNA, protein as well as lipids derived from parents ' cells to re-cipient cells by body fluids , and specifically influence their physiological or pathological conditions .Leukemia is due to malignant proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells .It was reported that leukemia cells derived exosomes play a key role in disease progression , drug resistance , and predict prognosis .This paper will outline the role of exosomes de-rived from leukemia cells and provide important information to help explore the molecular pathogenesis , biomarker as well as therapeutic target of leukemia .