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PURPOSE: To characterize the mechanism of formation and the removal of aliasing artifacts and edge ghosts in spatiotemporally encoded (SPEN) MRI within a k-space theoretical framework. METHODS: SPEN's quadratic phase modulation can be described in k-space by a convolution matrix whose coefficients derive from Fourier relations. This k-space model allows us to pose SPEN's reconstruction as a deconvolution process from which aliasing and edge ghost artifacts can be quantified by estimating the difference between a full sampling and reconstructions resulting from undersampled SPEN data. RESULTS: Aliasing artifacts in SPEN MRI reconstructions can be traced to image contributions corresponding to high-frequency k-space signals. The k-space picture provides the spatial displacements, phase offsets, and linear amplitude modulations associated to these artifacts, as well as routes to removing these from the reconstruction results. These new ways to estimate the artifact priors were applied to reduce SPEN reconstruction artifacts on simulated, phantom, and human brain MRI data. CONCLUSION: A k-space description of SPEN's reconstruction helps to better understand the signal characteristics of this MRI technique, and to improve the quality of its resulting images.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Encéfalo , Humanos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imagens de Fantasmas , Artefatos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a RNARESUMO
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a painful disease characterized by unwanted bone ectopic formation outside of the skeleton after injury. SPIO nanoparticles therapy has been widely used in diverse orthopedic diseases. However, the effect of SPIO nanoparticles on heterotopic ossification remains unknown. Here, we prepared the SPIO nanoparticles carrying mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7) and evaluated their mechanism function to HO in a rat model. The results revealed that SPIO nanoparticles containing SMAD7 treatment lead to a decrease in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relevant protein expression in vitro. Moreover, SPIO nanoparticles labeled EPCs transplantation effectively prevented heterotopic ossification and inhibited endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in HO rats. In addition, SPIO nanoparticles labeled EPCs transplantation suppressed osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of embryonic fibroblasts (EFs) in HO rats. Our results demonstrated that administration of SPIO nanoparticles labeled EPCs could inhibit heterotopic ossification in rats, which might be a potential therapy method for a medical intervention to treat HO in clinic.
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Células Progenitoras Endoteliais , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Ossificação Heterotópica , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Aloenxertos , Animais , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/patologia , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/transplante , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Ossificação Heterotópica/metabolismo , Ossificação Heterotópica/patologia , Ossificação Heterotópica/terapia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteína Smad7/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The present study aimed to identify key genes and pathways associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequently investigate possible therapeutic targets for the condition. The array data of GSE20907 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and 24 gene chips, including 3day, 4day, 1week, 2week and 1month postSCI together with control propriospinal neurons, were used for the analysis. The raw data was normalized and then the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the (A) 2week postSCI group vs. control group, (B) 1month postSCI group vs. control group, (C) 1month and 2week postSCI group vs. control group, and (D) all postSCI groups vs. all control groups, were analyzed with a limma package. Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses for DEGs were performed. Cluster analysis was performed using ClusterOne plugins. All the DEGs identified were associated with immune and inflammatory responses. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) and cytochrome B245, α polypeptide (CYBA) were in the network diagrams of (A), (C) and (D), respectively. The enrichment analysis of DEGs identified in all samples demonstrated that the DEGs were also enriched in the chemokine signaling pathway (enriched in STAT3) and the highaffinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) signaling pathway [enriched in protooncogene, src family tyrosine kinase (LYN)]. Immune and inflammatory responses serve significant roles in SCI. STAT3, ERBB4 and CYBA may be key genes associated with SCI at certain stages. Furthermore, STAT3 and LYN may be involved in the development of SCI via the chemokine and FcεRI signaling pathways, respectively.
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Biologia Computacional , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Transdução de Sinais , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/genética , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Animais , Análise por Conglomerados , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Ontologia Genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , RatosRESUMO
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0349-7.].
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BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy of bone. Intratumoral hypoxia occurs in many solid tumors, where it is associated with the development of aggressive phenotype. ANRIL has been shown to be a long noncoding RNA that facilitates the progression of a number of malignancies. Yet, few studies have explored the expression pattern of ANRIL in osteosarcoma and the effect of hypoxia on ANRIL. METHODS: We evaluated the expression levels of ANRIL in osteosarcoma tissues, adjacent normal tissues and cells with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multiple approaches including luciferase reporter assay with nucleotide substitutions, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay were used to confirm the direct binding of HIF-1α to the ANRIL promoter region. SiRNA-based knockdown and other molecular biology techniques were employed to measure the effect of HIF-1α on the expression of ANRIL. RESULTS: We found that the expression of ANRIL was upregulated in 15 pairs of osteosarcoma compared with adjacent normal tissues. We found that hypoxia is sufficient to upregulate ANRIL expression in osteosarcoma cells (MNNG and U2OS). HIF-1α directly binds to the putative hypoxia response element in the upstream region of ANRIL. What's more, siRNA and small molecular inhibitors-mediated HIF-1α suppression attenuated ANRIL upregulation under hypoxic conditions. Upon hypoxia, ANRIL promoted cancer cell invasion and suppressed cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data suggest that HIF-1α may contribute to the upregulation of ANRIL in osteosarcoma under hypoxic conditions. ANRIL is involved in hypoxia-induced aggressive phenotype in osteosarcoma.