Author Correction: Simulation of blast lung injury induced by shock waves of five distances based on finite element modeling of a three-dimensional rat.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

[Interpretation of Diagnosis of Ascariasis (WS/565-2017)].

Ascariasis once was a common disease in rural areas of China. It is showed that the average infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in China was 1.36% according to the results of the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015. Although the prevalence of ascariasis has been greatly reduced as compared with that at the beginning of this century, ascariasis is still widespread in China. The Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565-2017) was promulgated and implemented by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1st, 2017. This Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Four informative appendixes (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The criteria provide the technical reference for diagnosis of ascariasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of ascariasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565-2017), so as to promote its learning and implementation.

Simulation of blast lung injury induced by shock waves of five distances based on finite element modeling of a three-dimensional rat.

Blast lung injury (BLI) caused by both military and civilian explosions has become the main cause of death for blast injury patients. By building three-dimensional (3D) models of rat explosion regions, we simulated the surface pressure of the skin and lung. The pressure distributions were performed at 5 distances from the detonation center to the center of the rat. When the distances were 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm and 80 cm, the maximum pressure of the body surface were 634.77kPa, 362.46kPa, 248.11kPa, 182.13kPa and 109.29kPa and the surfaces lung pressure ranges were 928-2916 Pa, 733-2254 Pa, 488-1236 Pa, 357-1189 Pa and 314-992 Pa. After setting 6 virtual points placed on the surface of each lung lobe model, simulated pressure measurement and corresponding pathological autopsies were then conducted to validate the accuracy of the modeling. For the both sides of the lung, when the distance were 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm, the Pearson's values showed strong correlations. When the distances were 70 cm and 80 cm, the Pearson's values showed weak linear correlations. This computational simulation provided dynamic anatomy as well as functional and biomechanical information.

Interpretation of Diagnosis of Ascariasis (WS/565–2017) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Ascariasis once was a common disease in rural areas of China. It is showed that the average infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in China was 1.36% according to the results of the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015. Although the prevalence of ascariasis has been greatly reduced as compared with that at the beginning of this century, ascariasis is still widespread in China. The Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565–2017) was promulgated and implemented by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1st, 2017. This Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Four informative appendixes (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The criteria provide the technical reference for diagnosis of ascariasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of ascariasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565–2017), so as to promote its learning and implementation.

Interpretation of Diagnosis of Ascariasis (WS/565–2017) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Ascariasis once was a common disease in rural areas of China. It is showed that the average infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in China was 1.36% according to the results of the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015. Although the prevalence of ascariasis has been greatly reduced as compared with that at the beginning of this century, ascariasis is still widespread in China. The Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565–2017) was promulgated and implemented by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1st, 2017. This Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Four informative appendixes (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination) are appended. The criteria provide the technical reference for diagnosis of ascariasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of ascariasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565–2017), so as to promote its learning and implementation.

Molecular characteristics and RNA interference efficiency of Schistosoma ja-ponicum Sj79 gene / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To study the structural features and characteristics of a novel gene Schistosoma japonicum 79(Sj79), and observe its effect of RNA interference(RNAi),so as to provide the experimental basis for its further function study and mechanism study of anti reproductive development of schistosome. Methods The gene structure and characteristics of Sj79 were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Then the expressions of Sj79 messenger RNA(mRNA)during the different develop?mental stages of schistosome were analyzed and the effects of RNAi silencing were observed by the soaking method. The tran?scriptional levels of Sj79 after RNAi were detected by real time PCR. Results The open reading frame of Sj79 contained 696 base pairs with an exon structure. The gene had obvious stage specificity,and its transcriptional level in mature female worms was the highest. After soaking for 3 d,the Sj79 mRNA level[(41.0 ± 12.3)%]in the siRNA?1 group with low dosage(20 nmol/L) was lower than that in the siRNA?NC group[(103.2 ± 14.4)%],the difference was statistically significant(t=3.28,P<0.05). When with high dosage(200 nmol/L ),both the Sj79 mRNA levels in the siRNA?1 group[(15.8 ± 10.9)%]and siRNA?2 group [(11.1 ± 8.8)%]were significantly lower than that in the siRNA?NC group[(100.1 ± 6.3)%](t=13.44,27.84,both P<0.01). After soaking for 7 d,only the Sj79 mRNA levels in the siRNA?1group[(43.4 ± 4.5)%]and siRNA?2 group[(62.5 ± 5.4)%]with low dosage were lower than that in the siRNA?NC group[(100.4 ± 5.2)%],and the differences had statistical sig?nificance(t=8.33,5.07,both P<0.01). Conclusion Through this study,we have improved the mRNA sequence and genom?ic information of Sj79 gene,and understood its structural features,as well as selected out two effect fragments siRNA?1and siR? NA?2 which will provide the basic evidences for the further study on egg laying interference of the female adult worm of schisto?some in vitro.

Monitoring and SWOT analysis of Ascaris eggs pollution in soil of rural China / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the status of Ascaris eggs pollution in soil at national monitoring spots of soil-transmit-ted nematodiasis,so as to provide the evidence for making countermeasures and evaluating the control effect. Methods Ten households were selected from each of the 22 national monitoring spots annually according to the National Surveillance Program of Soil-Transmitted Nematodiasis(Trial),and the soil samples from vegetable gardens,toilet periphery,courtyards and kitchens were collected and examined by using the modified floatation test with saturated sodium nitrate. Fertilized or unfertilized eggs as well as live or dead fertilized eggs were discriminated and identified. In addition,a SWOT analysis of monitoring of Ascaris eggs pollution in the soil of rural China was carried out. Results A total of 1 090 households were monitored in 22 monitoring spots from 2006 to 2010. The total detection rate of Ascaris eggs in the soil was 30.73%,and the detection rates of fertilized,unfertilized and live fertilized eggs were 13.21%,26.42%and 20.28%,respectively. The total detection rates of Ascaris eggs in the vegetable garden,toilet periphery,courtyard and kitchen were 16.51%,13.49%,14.22% and 10.73% respectively. The SWOT analysis demonstrated that the monitoring work had both advantages and disadvantages,and was faced with opportunities as well as threats. Conclusion The pollution status of Ascaris eggs in the soil is still quite severe at some national monitoring spots,and the counter-measures such as implementing hazard-free treatment of stool,improving water supply and sanitation and reforming environment should be taken to protect people from being infected.

Monitoring of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children from 2006 to 2010 and SWOT analysis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the infection status and variation tendercy of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children at national monitoring spots of soil-transmitted nematodosis from 2006 to 2010,and master the epidemic regularity,so as to provide the evidence for making control strategy and evaluating the control effect. Methods A total of 22 national monitor-ing spots of soil-transmitted nematodosis were established according to the National Surveillance Program of Soil-Transmitted Ne-matodiasis(Trial),and the children aged 3-12 years were examined through adhesive cellophane anal swabs,then the infec-tion rates of children with different ages,genders,nationalities and education levels were analyzed. In addition,the advantage, disadvantage,opportunity and threat of the monitoring work were analyzed by SWOT analysis. Results A total of 17 068 chil-dren were examined in 22 monitoring spots from 2006 to 2010,and 1 363 of them were found being infected with E. vermicu-laris,the average infection rate was 7.99%,and the infection rates of male and female children were 7.39%and 8.70%,respec-tivel;the average infection rates in each year were 10.01%,9.68%,7.41%,6.96%and 6.57%,respectively. From 2006 to 2009,the infection rates of E. vermicularis in children in Fujian Province was the highest,which were 56.15%,53.42%, 37.82%and 49.53%,respectively,but in 2010,the infection rate in Guangdong Province(46.06%)was the highest. The fur-ther analysis demonstrated that the female children,3-6 age group,Li nationality and children at kindergarten stage had relative-ly high infection rates. The SWOT analysis showed that the advantage of E. vermicularis monitoring in China was its wide cover-age and continuity,and the disadvantage was the relatively small investment from the government,the opportunity was that the national monitoring spot could drive the monitoring work at the provincial,county and other levels,and the threat was that the work was paid less and less attention to in recent years. Conclusion Though the infection rate of E. vermicularis in children at national monitoring spots of soil-transmitted nematodosis has been decreased year by year,high-endemic areas still exist,and thus the work on enterobiasis control and prevention still needs to be strengthened.

Twenty six cases of human Fasciola gigantica infection in Dali, Yunnan province / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemic situation,clinical symptom,diagnosis and epidemiological characteristics of human Fasciola gigantica infection in Dali,Yunnan province.It will also provide a scientific basis for fasciolosis control and prevention.Methods Epidemic data were collected and patient's clinical signs and symptoms were studied.Serum soluble antigen of Fasciola gigantica of patients and part of family members and health people in the same village was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the eggs of Fasciola gigantica in stool were observed under microscope.Sequencing and PCR amplification of Fasciola gigantica eggs had been done.Sequencing results were analyzed using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program of the U.S.National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the similarity of the two in the sequence of nucleic acid was compared.Furthermore,patients were experimentally given orally therapeutic doses of Triclabendazole 10 mg·kg-1·d-1 daily for 2 days,and kept in the hospital for observation for one week.Moreover,host and vector were investigated in the surrounding ditches of Dali prefecture and Limnaea peregra snail samples were collected.All the snails were squashed by glass sheet in order to detect the cercarie.Cow dung and sheep manure was collected in the Limnaea peregra distribution environment,and the eggs in the feces were checked by microscope after washing and precipitation.Results All the 26 patients had a continued hyperpyrexia with distinct alimentary system symptoms of nausea,vomiting,stomachache,abdominal distension as well as hepatomegaly,sensitive to percussion,different levels of liver damage detected by CT.All the patients had an eaten history of raw Herba Houttuyniae and other aquatic plants,and the course of the disease was similar,with the same epidemiological characteristics.ELISA detection was used in the 26 patients,family members and other healthy population,the results of all the 26 patients were positive(100.0％,26/26) ; the positive rates of the 57 family members and other health people of the same village were 31.6％ (18/57) and 17.1％ (6/35),respectively.The results of sequencing and BLAST program showed that the pathogen was Fasciola gigantica with the similarity between 99％-100％.PCR amplification also confirmed that the eggs were Fasciola gigantica eggs with an approximately 1000 bp band on agarose gel.After treatment with Triclabendazole,body temperature of the patients dropped to normal and symptoms improved markedly.Moreover,329 Limnaea peregra snails were collected including 5 ones with redia and one-tailed cercariae which were preliminary identified as the larva of Fasciola gigantica.There were also eggs of Fasciola gigantica detected in one stool of cattle and one of goat.Conclusions Eating raw food is the leading cause of the onset of the disease.Triclabendazole is the drug of choice to treat Fasciolasis.Health education should be strengthened by government and disease prevention and control departments in order to make the local residents to understand the potential hazard of eating raw aquatic vegetable and drinking unboiled water,which is the key to prevent the occurrence of the disease.

Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and survey analysis of health service needs and utilization in Qingdao area / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the need and utilization for health services in patients with allergic rhinitis in Qingdao area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An investigation was conducted by the method of combining multi-stage sampling and cluster sampling. SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyse the data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among Two thousand and four hundred questionnaires, two thousand and fifty-two questionnaires were available. The effective rate was 85.5%. The total two-week prevalence in male was 6.5%, while that in female was 6.2%. There was no significant difference between male and female (χ(2) = 0.103, P > 0.05). The total ratio of those who visited doctors was 1.7%. The ratio of those who visited doctors in the first two weeks was 26.7% (35/131). 49.0% of non-users of health service thought it was unnecessary to consult a doctor because of mild symptoms. In the investigation about the allergic rhinitis, 60.2% patients (1235/2052) confessed that they heard of allergic rhinitis, 30.0% patients (616/2052) thought of allergic rhinitis was common cold.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The number of patients treated for allergic rhinitis was less than its prevalence. The primary reason for low attendance was that the majority of patients with mild symptoms thought it was no need to see a doctor. In order to improve the residents' health services utilization, medical education for allergic rhinitis is necessary.</p>

[Cost-effectiveness analysis of integrated control strategy of parasitic diseases in demonstration plots].

OBJECTIVE: To study the cost-effectiveness of different deworming schemes in demonstration plots of integrated control of parasitic diseases. METHODS: The cost-effectiveness was analyzed between mass drug administration and drug administration to focal population according to the different infection rates of parasites. RESULTS: In the demonstration plots of soil-born nematodes control, the costs for reducing one infected case and the cost for reducing 1% infection rate per ten thousand people in mass drug administration groups (Group 1 and Group 2) and drug administration to focal population were 20.73, 14.42 Yuan and 14.33 Yuan, and 1 700.49, 1 503.19 Yuan and 145.41 Yuan, respectively. In the demonstration plots of control of clonorchiasis sinensis, the costs for reducing one infected case and the cost for reducing 1% infection rate per ten thousand people in mass drug administration group and drug administration to focal population were 31.03 Yuan and 37.01 Yuan, and 3 115.10 Yuan and 3841.38 Yuan, respectively. The multiple effectiveness indexes for control of soil-transmitted nematodes in the mass drug administration groups (Group 1 and Group 2) and drug administration to focal population were 76.72, 80.27 and 97.64, respectively. The multiple effectiveness indexes for control of clonorchiasis sinensis in the mass drug administration group and the drug administration to focal population group were 112.93 and 65.49, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We should choose the deworming schemes not only to get a great reduction of human parasite infection rate and a rapid effective reduction of the source of infection, but also to make a full use of the limited funds on target population.

[Effect of ancylostomiasis control in 6 demonstration plots of parasitic disease comprehensive control].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of ancylostomiasis control in 6 demonstration plots of parasitic disease comprehensive control, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control measures of ancylostomiasis in the future. METHODS: According to the drugs and deworming schemes, the 6 demonstration plots (counties) were divided into 4 groups, namely A1 (Tunchang in Hainan Province and Danling in Sichuan Province), A2 (Tongcheng in Anhui Province and Yueyang in Hunan Province), B (Guixi in Jiangxi Province), C (Rongxian in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) groups. The infection rates of hookworm before and after the comprehensive control in the 6 counties were compared, and the costs of reducing one infected case and 1% of infection rate were calculated. RESULTS: The infection rates of hookworm in Group A1, A2, B and C were reduced by 73.36%, 93.67%, 75.95% and 59.04%, respectively. The costs of reducing one infected person were 17.33, 30.06, 11.50, 73.34, 31.28 Yuan and 27.34 Yuan in Tunchang, Danling, Tongcheng, Guixi, Rongxian and Yueyang, respectively, while those of reducing 1% of the infection rate were 38 206.93, 28 577.55, 59 716.30, 295 074.91, 110 729.47 Yuan and 202 328.80 Yuan, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of comprehensive control of ancylostomiasis in demonstration plots is remarkable. Under the same control measure, the higher the infection rates are, the less the cost will be for reducing one infected person or infection rate by 1%, and when the infection rate is below 10%, the control cost is high.

Treatment of mid-distal humeral shaft fractures associated with radial nerve palsysis by minimally invasive screwed nails osteosynthesis technique / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the surgical treatment of mid-distal humeral shaft fractures associated with radial nerve palsysis with minimal invasive screwed nails osteosynthesis technique.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six patients treated mid-distal humeral shaft fractures associated with radial nerve palsysis from January 2004 to January 2008. There were 28 males and 8 females whose age ranged from 20- to 58-years-old with an average of 36.5-years-old. Injury reasons: mechanical injury 18 cases, traffic injury 8 cases, accidents injury 10 cases, all cases were closed fracture. According to AO/ASIF classification, type A1 5 cases, type A2 7 cases, type B1 8 cases, type B2 7 cases, type B3 5 cases, type C3 4 cases. The small lateral incision was performed located to the fracture. After exploration of the radial nerve, the fractures were reduced. By acromion small lateral incision, the deltoid was separated. In the posterior macronodular slotted antegrade reamed bored with medullary cavity drill and selected a suitable screwed nail screwed into the medullary cavity distal. Along the slot, the locking pieces were inserted to complete the fixation. The postoperative complication, fracture healing time, radial nerve function recovery time, the motion of shoulder and elbow were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incision of all cases healed with stage I . The patients were followed up for 9-36 weeks with an average of 18.5 weeks. The X-ray examination showed fractures healing in 12-16 weeks (average of 15.6 weeks). Radial nerve function recovered fully at 12-36 weeks after operation (average of 17.8 weeks). Shoulder abduction is 150 degrees-170 degrees with an average of 160 degrees; elbow motion of activities was 130 degrees-140 degrees with an average of 135 degrees. The ASES method was used to assess the shoulder joint function, 20 cases gained the excellent result, 12 good and 4 poor. And according to HSS method, 36 cases of elbow joint function gained the excellent result.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The surgical treatment of mid-distal humeral shaft fractures associated with radial nerve palsysis with minimal invasive screwed nails osteosynthesis technique is effective.</p>

Dendritic Cells and Th2 Response Induced by Schistosome Infection / 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志

Dendritic cells act as the major antigen presenting cells in the body and play a central role in intri-guing the adaptive immune response. Protective immunity against schistosome and immuno-pathological response in host caused by eggs are both closely associated with Th2 response. Further understanding on immune mechanism will contribute to the development of vaccines against schistosome infection, as well as the relief of the pathological lesion in schistosomiasis. This article discusses the central role of dendritic cells in the mechanism of Th2 response induced by schistosome (including eggs).

Cloning, Expression and Analysis of the Heat Shock Protein of Cryptosporidium andersoni / 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志

Objective To clone and express the partial encoding sequence of Mr 70 000 heat shock protein of Cryptosporidium andersoni (CaHSP70) in Escherichia coli and identify the recombinant protein. Methods Total RNA was extracted from oocysts of C.andersoni isolated from Xuzhou, Jiangsu (XZ-BOV). The CaHSP70 gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The PCR product was cloned and then subcloned into pET28a vector, and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) subsequently. The expressed protein induced by IPTG was purified and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, and was further analyzed by relevant bioinformatics softwares. The specific IgG antibodies in mice immunized by rCaHSP70 were detected by Western blotting and ELISA respectively. Results The deduced amino acid sequence showed to be identical with that of C. andersoni Mr 70 000 heat shock protein (HSP70). The recombinant protein expressed in the form of inclusion body was about Mr 43 000. It could be recognized by anti-His G labeled HRP antibodies and all the sera from mice infected with C. andersoni and children infected with C. parvum as well as sera from mice immunized with rCaHSP70 respectively. The rCaHSP70 possibly had multiple domains and potential antigenic determinants. Phylogenetic analysis showed that XZ-BOV and C. andersoni were in the same clade. ELISA showed that the level of specific antibodies against rCaHSP70 in immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was significantly higher than that of mice before immunization. Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pET28a-CaHSP70 has been constructed. The purified rCaHSP70 exhibits high antigenicity and seems a potential candidate antigen for immunodiagnosis of cryptosporidiosis.