RESUMO
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) is a widely used industrial solvent known to cause adverse effects to human and other mammals. Organs with high metabolism and rapid cell division, such as testes, are especially sensitive to its actions. In order to gain mechanistic understanding of EGME-induced toxicity, an untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed in rats. Male rats were administrated with EGME at 30 and 100 mg/kg/day. At days 1, 4, and 14, serum, urine, liver, and testes were collected for analysis. Testicular injury was observed at day 14 of the 100 mg/kg/day group only. Nearly 1900 metabolites across the four matrices were profiled using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis indicated that the most significant metabolic perturbations initiated from the early time points by EGME were the inhibition of choline oxidation, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, and fatty acid ß-oxidation pathways, leading to the accumulation of sarcosine, dimethylglycine, and various carnitine- and glycine-conjugated metabolites. Pathway mapping of these altered metabolites revealed that all the disrupted steps were catalyzed by enzymes in the primary flavoprotein dehydrogenase family, suggesting that inhibition of flavoprotein dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions may represent the mode of action for EGME-induced toxicity. Similar urinary and serum metabolite signatures are known to be the hallmarks of multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in humans, a genetic disorder because of defects in primary flavoprotein dehydrogenase reactions. We postulate that disruption of key biochemical pathways utilizing flavoprotein dehydrogenases in conjugation with downstream metabolic perturbations collectively result in the EGME-induced tissue damage.
Assuntos
Flavoproteínas Transferidoras de Elétrons/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/toxicidade , Etilenoglicóis/toxicidade , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Epididimo/efeitos dos fármacos , Epididimo/patologia , Etilenoglicóis/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Masculino , Metabolômica , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/patologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologiaRESUMO
Key binding interactions of the anthranilimide based glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) inhibitor 2 from X-ray crystallography studies are described. This series of compounds bind to the AMP site of GP. Using the binding information the core and the phenyl urea moieties were optimized. This work culminated in the identification of compounds with single nanomolar potency as well as in vivo efficacy in a diabetic model.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glicogênio Fosforilase/antagonistas & inibidores , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , ortoaminobenzoatos/síntese química , ortoaminobenzoatos/farmacologia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipoglicemiantes/sangue , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ureia/farmacologia , ortoaminobenzoatos/sangue , ortoaminobenzoatos/químicaRESUMO
Optimization of the amino acid residue within a series of anthranilimide-based glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors is described. These studies culminated in the identification of anthranilimides 16 and 22 which displayed potent in vitro inhibition of GPa in addition to reduced inhibition of CYP2C9 and excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
Assuntos
Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glicogênio Fosforilase/antagonistas & inibidores , Imidas/farmacologia , ortoaminobenzoatos/farmacologia , Animais , Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9 , Cães , Desenho de Fármacos , Glicina/química , Glicogênio Fosforilase/metabolismo , Humanos , Imidas/química , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Fígado/enzimologia , Conformação Molecular , Ratos , ortoaminobenzoatos/químicaRESUMO
Optimization of the amino acid residue of a series of anthranilimide-based glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors is described leading to the identification of serine and threonine ether analogs. t-Butylthreonine analog 20 displayed potent in vitro inhibition of GPa, low potential for P450 inhibition, and excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
Assuntos
Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/antagonistas & inibidores , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glicogênio Fosforilase/antagonistas & inibidores , Imidas/química , Serina/química , Treonina/química , ortoaminobenzoatos/química , Animais , Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9 , Desenho de Fármacos , Glicina/química , Glicogênio Fosforilase/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Fígado/enzimologia , Modelos Químicos , RatosRESUMO
A series of amino acid anthranilamide derivatives identified from a high-throughput screening campaign as novel, potent, and glucose-sensitive inhibitors of human liver glycogen phosphorylase a are described. A solid-phase synthesis using Wang resin was also developed which provided efficient access to a variety of analogues, and resulted in the identification of key structure-activity relationships, and the discovery of a potent exemplar (IC(50)=80 nM). The SAR scope, synthetic strategy, and in vitro results for this series are presented herein.
