Alterations in regulatory T cells and immune checkpoint molecules in pancreatic cancer patients receiving FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel

Purpose This pilot study aimed on generating insight on alterations in circulating immune cells during the use of FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Patients and methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated before and 30 days after initiation of chemotherapy from 20 patients with advanced PDAC. Regulatory T cells (FoxP3+) and immune checkpoints (PD-1 and TIM-3) were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunological changes were correlated with clinical outcome. Results Heterogeneous changes during chemotherapy were observed in circulating T-cell subpopulations with a pronounced effect on PD-1+ CD4+/CD8+ T cells. An increase in FoxP3+ or PD-1+ T cells had no significant effect on survival. An increase in TIM3+/CD8+ (but not TIM3+/CD4+) T cells was associated with a significant inferior outcome: median progression-free survival in the subgroup with an increase of TIM-3+/CD8+ T cells was 6.0 compared to 14.0 months in patients with a decrease/no change (p = 0.026); corresponding median overall survival was 13.0 and 20.0 months (p = 0.011), respectively. Conclusions Chemotherapy with FOLFIRNOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel induces variable changes in circulating T-cell populations that may provide prognostic information in PDAC (AU)

Alterations in regulatory T cells and immune checkpoint molecules in pancreatic cancer patients receiving FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel.

PURPOSE: This pilot study aimed on generating insight on alterations in circulating immune cells during the use of FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated before and 30 days after initiation of chemotherapy from 20 patients with advanced PDAC. Regulatory T cells (FoxP3+) and immune checkpoints (PD-1 and TIM-3) were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunological changes were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS: Heterogeneous changes during chemotherapy were observed in circulating T-cell subpopulations with a pronounced effect on PD-1+ CD4+/CD8+ T cells. An increase in FoxP3+ or PD-1+ T cells had no significant effect on survival. An increase in TIM3+/CD8+ (but not TIM3+/CD4+) T cells was associated with a significant inferior outcome: median progression-free survival in the subgroup with an increase of TIM-3+/CD8+ T cells was 6.0 compared to 14.0 months in patients with a decrease/no change (p = 0.026); corresponding median overall survival was 13.0 and 20.0 months (p = 0.011), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy with FOLFIRNOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel induces variable changes in circulating T-cell populations that may provide prognostic information in PDAC.

Identification of additional IDH mutations associated with oncometabolite R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate production.

Mutations in cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or its mitochondrial homolog IDH2 can lead to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production. To date, mutations in three active site arginine residues, IDH1 R132, IDH2 R172 and IDH2 R140, have been shown to result in the neomorphic production of 2HG. Here we report on three additional 2HG-producing IDH1 mutations: IDH1 R100, which is affected in adult glioma, IDH1 G97, which is mutated in colon cancer cell lines and pediatric glioblastoma, and IDH1 Y139. All these new mutants stereospecifically produced 2HG's (R) enantiomer. In contrast, we find that the IDH1 SNPs V71I and V178I, as well as a number of other single-sample reports of IDH non-synonymous mutation, did not elevate cellular 2HG levels in cells and retained the wild-type ability for isocitrate-dependent NADPH production. Finally, we report the existence of additional rare, but recurring mutations found in lymphoma and thyroid cancer, which while failing to elevate 2HG nonetheless displayed loss of function, indicating a possible tumorigenic mechanism for a non-2HG-producing subset of IDH mutations in some malignancies. These data broaden our understanding of how IDH mutations may contribute to cancer through either neomorphic R(-)-2HG production or reduced wild-type enzymatic activity, and highlight the potential value of metabolite screening in identifying IDH-mutated tumors associated with elevated oncometabolite levels.

[Therapy of mantle cell lymphoma]. / Therapie des Mantelzelllymphoms.

Mantle cell lymphoma is characterized by an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis, with only few long-term survivors. Conventional chemotherapy has failed to substantially alter the natural course of the disease and remains a palliative approach. However, several randomized trials have recently clearly demonstrated the superiority of a combined immunochemotherapy containing the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. In addition, a randomized trial has shown a significantly improved progression-free survival after myeloablative radiochemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation similar to other dose-intensified approaches (hyper-CVAD). Unfortunately, the vast majority of patients will eventually relapse. However, numerous molecular targeting strategies (e.g. proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs or radiolabeled antibodies) have achieved promising results in early phase II studies.

Sequence-dependent synergy of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and cytarabine in mantle cell lymphoma.

Single-agent bortezomib, a potent, selective and reversible inhibitor of the 26S proteasome, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in relapsed and refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Objective response is achieved in up to 45% of the patients; however, complete remission rates are low and duration of response proved to be short. These limitations may be overcome by combining proteasome inhibition with conventional chemotherapy. Here we present two case reports and in vitro data suggesting synergistic efficacy of bortezomib combined with cytarabine in MCL. Interestingly, efficacy in vitro correlated with sequence of treatment, indicating that pretreatment with cytarabine, followed by proteasome inhibition, may be the preferred approach.

Brain metastases in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer responding to single-agent gefitinib: a case report.

Brain metastases are a frequent finding in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present case reports the clinical course of a patient who was treated with gefitinib alone for progressive brain metastases after whole-brain irradiation treatment (WBRT). A 50-year-old women with primary stage IV NSCLC (bone metastases) developed brain metastases after 3 cycles of chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin (CBDA). After completion of the WBRT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated further progression. Two cycles of temozolomide and topotecan were applied; this was ineffective in preventing central nervous system progression. For symptomatic brain metastatic disease the patient received gefitinib as single-agent treatment. Within a few weeks of treatment there was an obvious clinical improvement. Follow-up of the brain 2 months after the start of treatment showed a decrease in both the size and number of brain metastases. Additional manifestations in the lungs and the skeletal system were re-assessed as stable disease during the treatment with gefitinib. Within 4 months of treatment there were no side-effects such as skin rash or any other systemic toxicity. Gefitinib may therefore have a role in the treatment of brain metastases from NSCLC.