RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Airway management, the first step in resuscitation, may entail special difficulties in mass casualty situations, even in experienced hands. Of the available airway devices, the cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA) appears the easiest one to insert, allowing a hands-free anaesthesiologist. A study was undertaken to evaluate the success of airway control with COPA when anaesthetists wore either surgical attire or antichemical protective gear. METHODS: Twelve anaesthetists with 2-5 years of residency inserted COPA in 24 anaesthetised patients in a random crossover prospective manner. The duration of airway management was measured from the time the device was grasped to obtaining a normal capnography recording; time to proper fixation was also recorded. RESULTS: Time to COPA placement was significantly shorter when the anaesthetists wore surgical attire than when they wore protective gear (28 (10) s vs 56 (34) s, p<0.05). Time to proper fixation of the COPA to patients' faces also differed significantly (19 (14) s with surgical attire vs 34 (16) s with protective gear, p<0.05). First-time COPA insertion failure was statistically similar in both groups. There was no hypoxaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Antichemical protective gear slowed proper placement of COPA and its fixation compared with surgical attire. COPA may be a temporarily useful device in non-conventional settings, but functional reassessment is required when injured patients reach medical facilities.
Assuntos
Anestesiologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/métodos , Roupa de Proteção , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/instrumentação , Intubação Intratraqueal/normas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orofaringe , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Temperature control is essential during pediatric surgery. The effectiveness of two methods of warming intravenous (i.v.) fluids to preserve normothermia was compared during abdominal surgery. METHODS: Intraoperative core temperature (CT) was measured in 59 children, 8 years of age and younger. Patients were randomly allocated to two study groups according to the method of fluids warming. In Group M (n = 30), fluids were warmed by placing the i.v. tubing under a warming mattress, and in Group T (n = 29), by using an active i.v. fluid tube warming system. Observations of CT, infusion fluid temperature (IFT) at the entry to the patient and other relevant parameters were made at 30-min intervals throughout the surgical procedure. RESULTS: The two groups did not differ significantly by age, gender, body weight or length of surgical procedure. Although baseline IFT was significantly lower in Group M than in Group T (33.8 degrees C vs. 35.1 degrees C), it increased during the procedure by 1.2 degrees C in Group M compared to a 0.2 degrees C increase in Group T. Baseline CT was also lower by 0.5 degrees C in Group M compared to Group T (NS), but CT increased in Group M by 1.0 degrees C compared to 0.2 degrees C in Group T, resulting in similar final CTs. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in CT was more pronounced in patients where fluids were warmed under the warming mattress (Group M) than in those with fluids warmed by a coil warming device (Group T). The elevation in CT seen in Group M is associated with an increase in infusion fluid temperature at the line just before the i.v. cannula. Both methods of fluid warming (by placing the i.v. tubing under warming mattress and by using a fluid warming system) effectively preserved normothermia during abdominal surgery in children.
Assuntos
Leitos , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Infusões Intravenosas/métodos , Cuidados Intraoperatórios , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Lactente , Infusões Intravenosas/instrumentação , Período Intraoperatório , MasculinoRESUMO
Concomitant extraction and hydrolysis of Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids in a two-phase system containing an aqueous mineral acid and an organic water immiscible solvent, and having a boiling point under 100(o)C, is described. It is essentially a "one-pot" process, combining direct acid hydrolysis of the glycosides in the plant material and in situ extraction of the released aglycones after alkali treatment, in a single step, the various ingredients being added simultaneously or sequentially, as required. Application of the process to fruits, leaves, and tissue cultures of Solanum khasianum Clarke plants, either fresh or in dried, finely ground form, using a two-phase aqueous hydrochloric acid-toluene system, proved to be very suitable for continuous production of pure solasodine which is a valuable raw steroid for the preparation of steroidal drugs. Pure Solanum glycoalkaloids were also prepared and hydrolysed accordingly. The process has analytical applications too, and could be extended in a general way to glycosides in other series for preparation of their related aglycones.
Assuntos
Sapogeninas/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/isolamento & purificação , Esteroides/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Carboidratos , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Hidrólise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Sapogeninas/química , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/química , Espectrometria de Massas de Bombardeamento Rápido de Átomos , Esteroides/químicaRESUMO
Naturally-occurring 3beta-O-chacotriosides of solasodine (solamargine), of its 22S, 25S isomer tomatidenol (beta-solamarine), and of solanidine (chaconine), as well as ring E- and F-modified derivatives of solamargine were prepared and assayed in order to assess the relevance of aglycone structural features to membrane-disruption and enzyme-inhibitory activities of the related glycoalkaloids. A ring E-opened dihydro-derivative of solasodine (the chacotrioside of dihydrosolasodine A) did not bind to cholesterol, stigmasterol or ergosterol in vitro, disrupt PC/cholesterol liposomes or mammalian erythrocytes. or inhibit acetylcholinesterase in vitro. It did not synergise with the solatrioside of dihydrosolasodine A or solasonine (nor did solamargine with dihydrosolasodine A solatrioside) in haemolysis tests. The ring F modified derivative, N-nitrososolamargine, did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase in vitro, but lysed liposomes at > or = 150 microM and pH 7. Increasing the pH to 8 (but not 9) further enhanced disruption. The combination of N-nitrososolamargine and solasonine did not cause any disruption of liposomes. Beta-solamarine showed no anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro at up to 100 microM, but disrupted liposomes at 75 and 150 microM, although not to the extent caused by solamargine or chaconine. In combination with both the (inactive) solatriosides, solasonine and solanine, 75 microM beta-solamarine produced synergistic effects, with liposome disruption greater than 150 microM beta-solamarine alone. Beta-solamarine, solamargine and chaconine showed similar haemolytic activity. Beta-solamarine synergised with the solatriosides solasonine and solanine in disrupting erythrocytes. Preliminary structure-activity relationships were evaluated for the active chacotriosides in an attempt to define the scope and limitations of this model study.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanaceae/química , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/química , Tropanos/química , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Humanos , Lipossomos/química , Estrutura Molecular , Fosfatidilcolinas/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Suínos , Tropanos/análise , Tropanos/farmacologiaRESUMO
As part of an effort to improve the safety of plant foods, a need exists to define the relative toxicities of structurally different glycoalkaloids and metabolites which may be present in Solanum plant species such as potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants. The objectives of this study were to determine the relative toxicities and the modes of action of the eggplant (Solanum melongena) glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in Xenopus laevis frog embryos, using membrane potential and embryo growth and teratogenicity assays. In the cell membrane assays, adverse effects on embryos were evaluated by measuring membrane potentials using an electrochromic dye, di-4-ANEPPS, as a fluorescence probe for the integrity of the membranes. In the embryo growth and teratogenesis assays, the survival of the embryos and organ malformations was used as an index of embryo toxicity. The relative potencies of glycoalkaloids are similar for frog embryo effects (survival and teratogenicities) and for membrane effects (membrane potential). Experiments with solasonine at pH 6 and 8 suggest that the unprotonated form of the glycoalkaloids appears to be involved in the membrane effects. The nature of the carbohydrate side-chains of the steroidal glycosides governs relative potencies. The possible significance of the findings to food safety and plant physiology and possible application of the membrane assays to bacterial toxins are discussed.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/toxicidade , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitosteróis/toxicidade , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/toxicidade , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/toxicidade , Animais , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Dose Letal Mediana , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Solanaceae/química , Taxa de Sobrevida , Xenopus laevis/embriologiaRESUMO
Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of a series of secondary plant compounds including steroidal alkaloids and glycoalkaloids on larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, was investigated. Larval growth was inhibited on artificial diets containing 1 mumol g-1 diet of the glycoalkaloids solamargine, solasonine and tomatine, whereas the corresponding aglycones solasodine and tomatidine, and also tomatidenol, were inactive. The inhibitory effect of solamargine and tomatine, but not of solasonine, was completely abolished by addition of 1 mumol g-1 diet cholesterol and/or sitosterol. Nonetheless, synthetic cholesteryl tomatide displayed significant activity at 2 mumol g-1 diet. Parallel studies with the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, showed marked inhibitory activity of tomatine at a dietary concentration of 1 mumol g-1, whereas the other compounds did not affect sterol metabolism or larval development. An appraisal of the factors influencing the mode of action of the active steroidal glycoalkaloids is attempted.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Manduca , Fitosteróis/isolamento & purificação , Solanaceae , Tribolium , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/toxicidade , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/toxicidade , Larva , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Fitosteróis/química , Fitosteróis/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Pupa , Solanaceae/químicaRESUMO
A simple, rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method has been devised in order to separate and quantify the xanthophylls capsorubin and capasanthin present in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and preparations made from them (paprika and oleoresin). A reversed-phase isocratic non-aqueous system allows the separation of xanthophylls within a few minutes, with detection at 450 nm, using methyl red as internal standard to locate the various carotenoids and xanthophylls found in plant extracts. The selection of extraction solvents, mild saponification conditions, and chromatographic features is evaluated and discussed. The method is proposed for rapid screening of large plant populations, plant selection, as well as for paprika products and oleoresin, and also for nutrition and quality control studies.
Assuntos
Capsicum/química , Carotenoides/análogos & derivados , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais , Compostos Azo/química , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Corantes/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , XantofilasRESUMO
Inhibition of mycelium development in Phoma medicaginis and Rhizoctonia solani by solamargine and solasonine generally increased with increasing pH. P. medicaginis was the more susceptible species and solamargine the more potent compound. Solasonine was inactive against R. solani over the tested pH range (5-8). Dose-response curves confirmed these differential effects. Solamargine caused 50% growth inhibition in P. medicaginis at 60 microM (at pH 7) whereas no other treatment achieved this effect at 100 microM. Combinations of 50 microM of each glycoalkaloid produced synergistic effects against both fungi, especially R. solani which was essentially unaffected by either compound, by significantly inhibited by a 1:1 mixture of the two. The magnitude of the synergism was not affected by a pH change between 6 and 7. Spore germination in Alternaria brassicicola was markedly inhibited by 100 microM solamargine but unaffected by 100 microM solasonine or either compound at 50 microM. In P. medicaginis, neither glycoalkaloid was inhibitory up to 150 microM. In combination, the two compounds caused synergistic effects in both species, but to a much greater extent in A. brassicicola.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Fitosteróis/farmacologia , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/farmacologia , Alternaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Medicamentosas , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Fungos Mitospóricos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Rhizoctonia/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The effect of water stress on growth and development of SOLANUM KHASIANUM (Clarke) and on the solasodine content of its fruits, was studied under mild (field experiment) and severe (pot experiment) conditions. Under field conditions, vegetative development was inhibited but fruit production or yield were not affected and fruit maturity was enhanced considerably. Solasodine content was not affected and yield per plant remained the same with and without irrigation. Under conditions of severe water stress, fruit production and yield were affected as well as vegetative development. An increase in solasodine content per dry weight was observed, however, solasodine yield per plant was lower as a result of loss in fruit yield. Under conditions of extreme water stress, more negative water and osmotic potentials were developed and turgor was maintained in the leaves.