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1.
Ann Agric Environ Med ; 31(2): 294-297, 2024 Jun 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38940115

RESUMO

Morphological anomalies are considered a rare phenomenon among natural tick populations. New cases of abnormalities in ticks are being described, such as body assymetries, nanism, gynandromorphism and limb malformations. The tick removed from a cat was morphologically identified to species and developmental stage. The time of feeding on the host was determined. The specimen was tested using PCR and Real-Time PCR methods for the presence of the common tick-borne pathogens: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp, Borrelia spp., Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp. For visualisation of the anomalous structures, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. The tick was identified as a slightly engorged adult female of I. ricinus exhibiting ectromely of leg I on the left side of the idiosoma. The specimen was tested positive for two medically important pathogens: A. phagocytophilum and N. mikurensis. The case report describes a rare case of a morphological anomaly in an I. ricinus tick from Poland.


Assuntos
Ixodes , Animais , Polônia , Ixodes/microbiologia , Ixodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Gatos , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/genética , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Infestações por Carrapato/parasitologia
2.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 11015, 2024 05 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38744898

RESUMO

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that affects mainly young people. It is believed that the autoimmune process observed in the pathogenesis of MS is influenced by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including infectious agents. The results of this study suggest the protective role of Toxoplasma gondii infections in MS. Interestingly, high Toxoplasma IgM seropositivity in MS patients receiving immunomodulatory drugs (IMDs) was identified. On the other hand, Borrelia infections seem to be positively associated with MS. Although the interpretation of our results is limited by the retrospective nature of the studies, the results strongly indicate that further experimental and clinical studies are needed to explain the role of infectious agents in the development and pathophysiological mechanisms of MS.


Assuntos
Borrelia burgdorferi , Doença de Lyme , Esclerose Múltipla , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose , Humanos , Esclerose Múltipla/epidemiologia , Esclerose Múltipla/microbiologia , Esclerose Múltipla/parasitologia , Esclerose Múltipla/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/complicações , Polônia/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Feminino , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Masculino , Adulto , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/imunologia , Borrelia burgdorferi/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto Jovem
3.
Exp Appl Acarol ; 92(2): 233-240, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38321308

RESUMO

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is the zoonosis widespread all over the world. Birds constitute an important group of T. gondii intermediate hosts often attacked by definitive hosts, e.g. domestic cats. Due to confirmation of an additional way of T. gondii transmission via tick bite, the aim of our study was to state and evaluate the infection prevalence of ticks feeding on blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song thrushes (Turdus philomelos). The real-time PCR amplification of the B1 gene fragment was used for detection of T. gondii infection in 157 Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from captured birds. The results showed the thrushes as hosts intensively attacked by ticks (prevalence 88.5% and 70% for blackbirds and song thrushes, respectively), and T. gondii infected individuals were detected. Among all ticks infected, 7 (5.8%; n = 120) were collected from blackbirds, and 2 (5.4%; n = 37) from song thrushes. The thrushes small body sizes and their tendency to urban ecosystems colonization, suggest that they relatively often become a pray of domestic cats, and combined with our findings, are potentially involved in maintenance the T. gondii population, especially in anthropogenic habitats, where the presence of toxoplasmosis is likely to constitute a serious danger to public health.


Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Ixodes , Aves Canoras , Toxoplasmose , Humanos , Animais , Gatos , Ecossistema , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real
4.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 15(1): 102272, 2024 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37890206

RESUMO

In Central and Eastern Europe, wolf populations have been increasing over the last two decades, recolonizing areas from which the species had been previously exterminated. As wolves are still recovering after years of persecution by humans, recognizing pathogens infecting this species, including tick-borne infections, is crucial for its conservation. On the other hand the high mobility of wolves and their frequent contacts with humans, dogs, and other domestic species make them a potentially important zoonotic reservoir. In this paper, we used molecular methods to determine the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in the following genera: Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, and Rickettsia in 50 free-ranging wolves from Poland. We detected Babesia canis in the blood of nine individuals (prevalence 9/50=18 %). The obtained sequence showed the highest similarity to B. canis isolated from dogs and ticks, and all infected individuals originated from regions endemic to the ornate tick, Dermacentor reticulatus. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in tissue from one individual (1/50=2 %), and the sequence was assigned to the zoonotic ecotype I.


Assuntos
Babesia , Rickettsia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos , Carrapatos , Lobos , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/veterinária , Polônia/epidemiologia
5.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 14(6): 102253, 2023 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37729847

RESUMO

Patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) are rarely tested for the presence of neurovirulent viruses other than tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV); however, such coinfections could be of clinical importance. The aim of the study was to search for the presence of neurotropic viruses in a LNB patients. Fourteen patients admitted with signs and symptoms of neuroinfection who were eventually diagnosed to have LNB (according to the guidelines of the European Federation of Neurological Societies) were subjects of the study. Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at the time of initial presentation were tested for viral pathogens most common in our geographical area: human enteroviruses (EV), herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus type 6, human adenoviruses, and TBEV using PCR/RT-PCR and serological assays. RNA and DNA-based metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was used to detect other viral pathogens. EV was detected in CSF from two (14 %) LNB patients and viral loads were similar (220 and 270 copies/ml). The mMGS analysis were performed on CSFs from 10 patients and generated a total 213,750,885 NGS reads, 0.05 % of which were viral. However, none of potential pathogens fulfilled the criteria for positive viral detection by mNGS. Using a number of PCR/RT-PCR assays and mNGS we identified EV infection in two out of 14 LNB patients. The possible co-occurrence of enterovirus and Lyme neuroborreliosis infections may warrant further research.


Assuntos
Infecções do Sistema Nervoso Central , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Neuroborreliose de Lyme , Humanos , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/diagnóstico , Neuroborreliose de Lyme/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
6.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 9930, 2023 06 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37336983

RESUMO

Dermacentor reticulatus ticks are sporadically removed from human skin and therefore the medical consequences of their feeding are neglected compared to Ixodes ricinus. We investigated the prevalence of pathogens in D. reticulatus removed from human skin and possible clinical manifestations suggestive of tick-borne diseases after a tick bite. A total of 2153 ticks were studied and of these only 34 were D. reticulatus. The mean prevalence of Rickettsia in D. reticulatus was 50.0% and R. raoultii was identified in 82.4% of infected D. reticulatus ticks. We confirmed the first case of R. aeschlimannii infection in D. reticulatus ticks. Among participants bitten by D. reticulatus, 13.3% reported reddening around the tick bite site and flu-like symptoms, including lymphadenopathy and 3.3% reported eschar on the tick site bite. All of the participants with flu-like symptoms after tick removal were bitten by ticks infected with R. raoultii. The results of this study indicate that even though D. reticulatus ticks bite humans sporadically, pathogenic Rickettsia have a remarkably high prevalence in this tick species. We can expect that the incidence of tick-borne lymphadenopathy might increase with the reported expansion of the D. reticulatus into new areas and its growing abundance in Central Europe.


Assuntos
Dermacentor , Ixodes , Rickettsia , Picadas de Carrapatos , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos , Animais , Humanos , Dermacentor/microbiologia , Ixodes/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia
7.
PLoS One ; 18(1): e0258009, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36693052

RESUMO

Associations between genetic variants and susceptibility to infections have long been studied in free-living hosts so as to infer the contemporary evolutionary forces that shape the genetic polymorphisms of immunity genes. Despite extensive studies of proteins interacting with pathogen-derived ligands, such as MHC (major histocompatilbility complex) or TLR (Toll-like receptors), little is known about the efferent arm of the immune system. Cytokines are signalling molecules that trigger and modulate the immune response, acting as a crucial link between innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study we investigated how genetic variation in cytokines in bank voles Myodes glareolus affects their susceptibility to infection by parasites (nematodes: Aspiculuris tianjensis, Heligmosomum mixtum, Heligmosomoides glareoli) and microparasites (Cryptosporidium sp, Babesia microti, Bartonella sp.). We focused on three cytokines: tumour necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin alpha (LTα), and interferon beta (IFNß1). Overall, we identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with susceptibility to nematodes: two located in LTα and two in IFNß1. One of those variants was synonymous, another located in an intron. Each SNP associated with parasite load was located in or next to a codon under selection, three codons displayed signatures of positive selection, and one of purifying selection. Our results indicate that cytokines are prone to parasite-driven selection and that non-coding variants, although commonly disregarded in studies of the genetic background of host-parasite co-evolution, may play a role in susceptibility to infections in wild systems.


Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Nematoides , Parasitos , Animais , Parasitos/genética , Citocinas/genética , Polimorfismo Genético
8.
J Clin Med ; 11(3)2022 Jan 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35160090

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. The routine diagnostics is based on serologic testing and IgG avidity index, but it may have limited utility in immunodeficient patients; thus, it is recommendable to detect T. gondii DNA in subjects with advanced HIV disease. The results of the studies published so far focused on patients with clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis. Our study encompassed a group of HIV-infected subjects on cART therapy, without immunological disturbances and clinical symptoms of T. gondii infection. METHODS: The study was retrospective, and samples were collected between 2013 and 2016. We evaluate the prevalence of serological (IgM, IgG, and avidity IgG) and molecular (DNA) T. gondii infection markers in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients and the control group using serologic (ELISA) and quantitative (real-time PCR) molecular testing. RESULTS: Of 152 HIV-infected in routine follow-up tested for T. gondii IgM and IgG, 6 (3.9%) and 50 (32.9%) were positive, respectively. Of 168 serum samples from blood donors, 1 (0.6%) and 49 (29.2%) were IgM+ and IgG+ positive, respectively. IgM seroprevalence in HIV-infected patients was significantly higher than in blood donors. T. gondii DNA (genotype II) was identified in 47 (30.9%) HIV-infected patients, with 13 (8.6%) IgM-IgG- samples. In blood donors, T. gondii DNA was present in 15 (8.9%) IgM-IgG-. CONCLUSIONS: In both groups, T. gondii DNA was detectable in seronegative subjects, implying the need to supplement the routine serological testing via the molecular method. It can help the accurate monitoring of the reactivation of infection in asymptomatic HIV-infected persons, and the quick introduction of specific therapy, in blood donors, would be of high importance for safe blood donations.

9.
Parasit Vectors ; 14(1): 348, 2021 Jul 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34210355

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common vector-borne disease in Europe. Monitoring changes in the prevalence of different Borrelia species in ticks may be an important indicator of risk assessment and of differences in pathogenicity in humans. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence, co-infection and distribution of Borrelia and Babesia species in ticks removed from humans in a large sample collected during a study period of 4 years. METHODS: The ticks were collected throughout Poland from March to November over 4-year period from 2016 to 2019. All ticks (n = 1953) were morphologically identified in terms of species and developmental stage. Molecular screening for Borrelia and Babesia by amplification of the flagellin gene (flaB) or 18S rRNA marker was performed. Pathogen identity was confirmed by Sanger sequencing or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: The ticks removed from humans in Poland during this study belonged to two species: Ixodes ricinus (97%) and Dermacentor reticulatus (3%). High Borrelia prevalence (25.3%), including B. miyamotoi (8.4%), was confirmed in Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from humans, as was the change in frequency of occurrence of Borrelia species during the 4-year study. Despite Babesia prevalence being relatively low (1.3%), the majority of tested isolates are considered to be pathogenic to humans. Babesia infection was observed more frequently among Borrelia-positive ticks (2.7%) than among ticks uninfected with Borrelia (0.8%). The most frequent dual co-infections were between Borrelia afzelii and Babesia microti. The presence of Borrelia was also confirmed in D. reticulatus (12.7%); however the role of these ticks in spirochete transmission to susceptible hosts is still unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall risk of developing LB after a tick bite is low in Europe, knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of Borrelia and Babesia species in ticks might be an important indicator of the risk of both these tick-borne diseases.


Assuntos
Babesia/genética , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Borrelia/genética , Coinfecção , Ixodes/microbiologia , Ixodes/parasitologia , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Animais , Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesia/patogenicidade , Borrelia/isolamento & purificação , Borrelia/patogenicidade , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Polônia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/parasitologia
10.
Sci Rep ; 9(1): 7394, 2019 May 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31073198

RESUMO

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

11.
Parasitology ; 146(10): 1333-1337, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31142386

RESUMO

Our study aimed at examining the phylogenetic position of the newly-found Setaria nematodes obtained from the red deer (Cervus elaphus) based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX-1). Alignment and phylogenetic analyses, as well as SEM microscopic analysis, revealed the presence of two Setaria species: S. cervi and S. tundra. Setaria tundra was noted in only one individual, a calf of the red deer, while S. cervi was observed in three stages, two hinds and one calf of the red deer. According to our knowledge, it is the first case of S. cervi in the red deer in Poland confirmed in molecular studies and also the first case of S. tundra infection in the red deer.


Assuntos
Cervos/parasitologia , Filogenia , Setaria (Nematoide)/classificação , Setaria (Nematoide)/isolamento & purificação , Animais , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Polônia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Setaria (Nematoide)/anatomia & histologia , Setaria (Nematoide)/genética
12.
Sci Rep ; 9(1): 2117, 2019 02 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30765826

RESUMO

The objective of our study was to estimate the seroprevalence of six pathogens transmitted by ticks in HIV-infected persons and blood donors in Poland (B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. Bartonella henselae) to assess the frequency of exposure to such microorganisms in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals in endemic regions for I. ricinus ticks. Serum samples were collected from 227 HIV-infected patients and 199 blood donors. All samples were analyzed for antibodies against six tick-borne pathogens and seroprevalence rates were statistically compared between two tested group as well as age, sex and lymphocyte T CD4+ level in HIV infected patients. The seroprevalence of tick-borne infections in HIV-infected patients is higher than that of the healthy population in Poland, although no association between serological status of patients and lymphocyte CD4+ T cell level has been observed. The frequency of tick-borne coinfections and doubtful results of serological tests were significantly higher in HIV-positive individuals. In Poland, the possibility of tick-borne diseases transmission with blood is rather negligible.


Assuntos
Coinfecção/sangue , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/sangue , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/sangue , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Babesiose/parasitologia , Doadores de Sangue , Borrelia/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Borrelia/sangue , Infecções por Borrelia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Borrelia/microbiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Ehrlichia/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichiose/sangue , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/parasitologia , Humanos , Ixodes/microbiologia , Ixodes/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rickettsia/sangue , Infecções por Rickettsia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Infestações por Carrapato , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/parasitologia , Adulto Jovem
13.
Microb Ecol ; 77(4): 890-904, 2019 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30327827

RESUMO

Bacteria of Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae families include disease agents spread by Ixodes ricinus ticks, the most common tick vector in Europe. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and co-infection prevalence of particular tick-transmitted Rickettsiales members: Rickettsia spp. (further referred as Rs), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap), and "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" (CNM) in I. ricinus ticks in two types of areas, different in terms of human impact: natural and urban. Using additional data, we aimed at investigating co-occurrence of these Rickettsiales with Borreliella spp. A total of 4189 tick specimens, 2363 from the urban area (Warsaw park and forests) and 1826 from the natural area (forests and park in the vicinity of National Parks), were tested for the presence of Rickettsiales DNA by PCRs. The prevalence of selected Rickettsiales was twice higher in urban than natural areas (13.2% vs. 6.9%, respectively). In total ticks, the prevalence of Rs, Ap, and CNM was 6.5%, 5.3%, and 3.6% in urban areas vs. 4.4%, 1.1%, and 2.1% in natural areas, respectively. Co-infections of Rickettsiales were also more prevalent in urban areas (2.6% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The most common Rs was R. helvetica; also R. monacensis and novel "Candidatus Rickettsia mendelii" were detected. Positive association between Ap and CNM infections was discovered. Rickettsiales bacteria occurrence was not associated with Borreliella occurrence, but co-infections with these two groups were more common in ticks in urban areas. In conclusion, three groups of Rickettsiales constituted the important part of the tick pathogen community in Poland, especially in the urbanized central Poland (Mazovia). In the Warsaw agglomeration, there is a greater risk of encountering the I. ricinus tick infected with Rickettsiales and co-infected with Lyme spirochaetes, in comparison to natural areas. This finding raises the question whether cities might in fact be the hot spots for TBDs.


Assuntos
Borrelia/isolamento & purificação , Ixodes/microbiologia , Rickettsiales/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Borrelia/fisiologia , Florestas , Parques Recreativos , Polônia , Rickettsiales/fisiologia
14.
Przegl Epidemiol ; 72(3): 349-361, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30394059

RESUMO

Co-infections of HIV and other pathogens constitute an important clinical and epidemiological problem. Many studies have played attention to opportunistic co-infections due to the fact that they are used as an indicator for development of AIDS and are present on the all continents. However, in HIV-infected patients helminth infections, which are not aetiologic agents of opportunistic infections, are becoming more and more important. Prevalence of helminth infection depends on parasite species, environmental and socio-economic factors, therefore the results of published research mainly refer to populations of patients in developing countries and endemic regions. In many cases, pathogenetic mechanisms of these co-infections are not fully recognized, and the obtained results are ambiguous. Thus we performed literature review concerning the course and implications of co-infections with three selected helminth species, of different tissue/organ tropism (Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma sp.), in patients with HIV infection.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Helmintíase/complicações , Animais , Ascaríase/complicações , Ascaris lumbricoides , Coinfecção , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Humanos , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase/complicações
15.
Parasitol Res ; 117(9): 2869-2879, 2018 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29946765

RESUMO

Intestinal opportunistic infections are often caused by unicellular parasites. Individuals with decreased immunity are particularly susceptible to infection by said microorganisms, and when they are infected, diarrhea can be the main clinical manifestation. However, intestinal parasites have rarely been taken into account in intestinal disorders. In our study, an investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal micro-pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystis, and microsporidia, in hospitalized patients with different immunological statuses. The study at hand indicates that protozoan parasitic infections are rare among immunodeficient patients in Poland. The overall prevalence of micro-pathogens among participants was 4.6%; it was three times higher in adults (12.5%) than in children (2.3%). Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora species (Apicomplexa) were diagnosed as the main cause of heavy diarrhea. Accordingly, adult patients were positive mainly for Blastocystis and microsporidia, while children were more often infected with the Cryptosporidium species.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Infecções por Blastocystis/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Ciclosporíase/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Blastocystis/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Microsporídios/isolamento & purificação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas/parasitologia , Polônia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto Jovem
16.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 8361, 2018 05 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29849060

RESUMO

Selective pressure from pathogens is considered a key selective force driving the evolution of components of the immune system. Since single components of the immune system may interact with many pathogens, and single pathogens may be recognized by multiple components of the immune system, gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms of parasite-driven selection requires the study of multiple genes and pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large gene family that code for antigen-presenting components of the innate immune response. In the present paper we characterize polymorphism and signatures of selection in seven TLRs in free-living bank voles Myodes glareolus. We report the first evidence of balancing selection in several TLR genes, supported by positive values of Fu and Li's D* in TLR2 and TLR5, and positive values of Tajima's D in LRR regions within TLR1 and TLR2. We further found significant associations between amino-acid alleles of TLR1 and TLR5 and susceptibility to infection with the blood pathogen Bartonella. Interestingly, selection patterns in TLRs presenting virus-derived motifs (TLR7 and TLR9) differed considerably from those interacting with bacterial PAMPs. In contrast to the highly variable TLRs presenting bacterial motifs, TLR7 and TLR9 had low polymorphism and displayed signatures of directional selection. These findings suggest different functional responses across the TLR gene family and highlight the complexity of parasite-driven selection.


Assuntos
Arvicolinae/genética , Evolução Molecular , Seleção Genética , Receptores Toll-Like/genética , Animais , Nematoides/fisiologia , Polimorfismo Genético
17.
BMC Infect Dis ; 18(1): 227, 2018 05 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29776392

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The studies on the occurrence and diversity of tick-borne infections in HIV-infected individuals have been few, and the subject has been relatively neglected when compared with other common infections associated with HIV. In HIV-positive patients in whom a serological diagnostics is complicated due to reduced positive predictive value, a method where the microorganism is detected directly is of great value. Therefore, we performed a molecular study to ascertain the prevalence and incidence of tick-borne infections in HIV-infected persons in Poland, an endemic area for Ixodes ricinus ticks. METHODS: Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood of tested patients. Detection of tick-borne pathogens was performed by amplification and sequencing of different loci. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of obtained nucleotide sequences were performed. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against tick-borne pathogens by using commercial tests in all patients. RESULTS: Among 148 studied blood samples from HIV-infected patients, two cases (1.4%) of infection with tick-borne pathogen were reported. No symptoms of tick-borne infection were observed in these cases. In one case a patient was infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum - the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and in the other with Borrelia garinii. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed the first case of HIV positive patient infected with A. phagocytophilum. Asymptomatic tick-borne infection can occur in HIV-positive patients. The detailed history of tick bites, especially in endemic tick areas, should be considered as part of anamnesis in routine clinical care of HIV-positive patients.


Assuntos
Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/complicações , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Animais , HIV-1 , Humanos , Ixodes , Masculino , Filogenia , Polônia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Picadas de Carrapatos
18.
Parasit Vectors ; 10(1): 573, 2017 Nov 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29157278

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Ixodes ricinus ticks are commonly encountered in either natural or urban areas, contributing to Lyme disease agents Borreliella [(Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato)] spp. and Borrelia miyamotoi enzootic cycles in cities. It is an actual problem whether urbanization affects pathogen circulation and therefore risk of infection. The aim of the study was to evaluate main tick-borne disease risk factors in natural, endemic areas of north-east (NE) Poland (Bialowieza) and urban areas of central Poland (Warsaw), measuring tick abundance/density, prevalence of infection with spirochaetes and diversity of these pathogens in spring-early summer and late summer-autumn periods between 2012 and 2015. METHODS: Questing I. ricinus ticks were collected from three urban sites in Warsaw, central Poland and three natural sites in Bialowieza, NE Poland. A total of 2993 ticks were analyzed for the presence of Borreliella spp. and/or Borrelia miyamotoi DNA by PCR. Tick abundance was analyzed by General Linear Models (GLM). Prevalence and distribution of spirochaetes was analyzed by Maximum Likelihood techniques based on log-linear analysis of contingency tables (HILOGLINEAR). Species typing and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the sequenced flaB marker were carried out. RESULTS: Overall 4617 I. ricinus ticks were collected (2258 nymphs and 2359 adults). We report well established population of ticks in urban areas (10.1 ± 0.9 ticks/100 m2), as in endemic natural areas with higher mean tick abundance (16.5 ± 1.5 ticks/100 m2). Tick densities were the highest in spring-early summer in both types of areas. We observed no effect of the type of area on Borreliella spp. and B. miyamotoi presence in ticks, resulting in similar prevalence of spirochaetes in urban and natural areas [10.9% (95% CI: 9.7-12.2%) vs 12.4% (95% CI: 10.1-15.1%), respectively]. Prevalence of spirochaetes was significantly higher in the summer-autumn period than in the spring-early summer [15.0% (95% CI: 12.8-17.5%) vs 10.4% (95% CI: 9.2-11.6%), respectively]. We have detected six species of bacteria present in both types of areas, with different frequencies: dominance of B. afzelii (69.3%) in urban and B. garinii (48.1%) in natural areas. Although we observed higher tick densities in forests than in maintained parks, the prevalence of spirochaetes was significantly higher in the latter [9.8% (95% CI: 8.6-11.0%) vs 17.5% (95% CI: 14.4-20.5%)]. CONCLUSIONS: Surprisingly, a similar risk of infection with Borreliella spp. and/or B. miyamotoi was discovered in highly- and low-transformed areas. We suggest that the awareness of presence of these disease agents in cities should be raised.


Assuntos
Borrelia/isolamento & purificação , Florestas , Ixodes , Parques Recreativos , Animais , Borrelia/genética , Ecossistema , Doenças Endêmicas , Humanos , Ixodes/microbiologia , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/microbiologia , Doença de Lyme/parasitologia , Polônia/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos
19.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis ; 17(7): 483-494, 2017 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28541836

RESUMO

Bartonella spp. are parasites of mammalian erythrocytes and endothelial cells, transmitted by blood-feeding arthropod ectoparasites. Different species of rodents may constitute the main hosts of Bartonella, including several zoonotic species of Bartonella. The aim of this study was to identify and compare Bartonella species and genotypes isolated from rodent hosts from the South Sinai, Egypt. Prevalence of Bartonella infection was assessed in rodents (837 Acomys dimidiatus, 73 Acomys russatus, 111 Dipodillus dasyurus, and 65 Sekeetamys calurus) trapped in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 in four dry montane wadis around St. Katherine town in the Sinai Mountains. Total DNA was extracted from blood samples, and PCR amplification and sequencing of the Bartonella-specific 860-bp gene fragment of rpoB and the 810-bp gene fragment of gltA were used for molecular and phylogenetic analyses. The overall prevalence of Bartonella in rodents was 7.2%. Prevalence differed between host species, being 30.6%, 10.8%, 9.6%, and 3.6% in D. dasyurus, S. calurus, A. russatus, and A. dimidiatus, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses of six samples of Bartonella (five from D. dasyurus and one from S. calurus) based on a fragment of the rpoB gene, revealed the existence of two distinct genetic groups (with 95-96% reciprocal sequence identity), clustering with several unidentified isolates obtained earlier from the same rodent species, and distant from species that have already been described (90-92% of sequence identity to the closest match from the GenBank reference database). Thus, molecular and phylogenetic analyses led to the description of two species: Candidatus Bartonella fadhilae n. sp. and Candidatus Bartonella sanaae n. sp. The identification of their vectors and the medical significance of these species need further investigation.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Bartonella/classificação , Gerbillinae/microbiologia , Animais , Bartonella/genética , Bartonella/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bartonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bartonella/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano , Egito/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Filogenia
20.
Parasit Vectors ; 10(1): 66, 2017 02 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28166832

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Vertical transmission is one of the transmission routes for Babesia microti, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease, babesiosis. Congenital Babesia invasions have been recorded in laboratory mice, dogs and humans. The aim of our study was to determine if vertical transmission of B. microti occurs in naturally-infected reservoir hosts of the genus Microtus. METHODS: We sampled 124 common voles, Microtus arvalis; 76 root voles, M. oeconomus and 17 field voles, M. agrestis. In total, 113 embryos were isolated from 20 pregnant females. Another 11 pregnant females were kept in the animal house at the field station in Urwitalt until they had given birth and weaned their pups (n = 62). Blood smears and/or PCR targeting the 550 bp 18S rRNA gene fragment were used for the detection of B. microti. Selected PCR products, including isolates from females/dams and their embryos/pups, were sequenced. RESULTS: Positive PCR reactions were obtained for 41% (89/217) of the wild-caught voles. The highest prevalence of B. microti was recorded in M. arvalis (56/124; 45.2%), then in M. oeconomus (30/76; 39.5%) and the lowest in M. agrestis (3/17; 17.7%). Babesia microti DNA was detected in 61.4% (27/44) of pregnant females. Vertical transmission was confirmed in 81% (61/75) of the embryos recovered from Babesia-positive wild-caught pregnant females. The DNA of B. microti was detected in the hearts, lungs and livers of embryos from 98% of M. arvalis, 46% of M. oeconomus and 0% of M. agrestis embryos from Babesia-positive females. Of the pups born in captivity, 90% were born to Babesia-positive dams. Babesia microti DNA was detected in 70% (35/50) of M. arvalis and 83% (5/6) of M. oeconomus pups. Congenitally acquired infections had no impact on the survival of pups over a 3-week period post partum. Among 97 B. microti sequences, two genotypes were found. The IRU1 genotype (Jena-like) was dominant in wild-caught voles (49/53; 92%), pregnant females (9/11; 82%) and dams (3/5; 60%). The IRU2 genotype (Munich-like) was dominant among B. microti positive embryos (20/27; 74%) and pups (12/17; 71%). CONCLUSION: A high rate of vertical transmission of the two main rodent genotypes of B. microti was confirmed in two species of naturally infected voles, M. arvalis and M. oeconomus.


Assuntos
Arvicolinae/parasitologia , Babesia microti/classificação , Babesia microti/genética , Babesiose/parasitologia , Variação Genética , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia , Animais , Babesia microti/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Babesiose/transmissão , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Filogenia , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/transmissão , Análise de Sequência de DNA
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