Nutritional profile of indigenous children under five years of age in the Upper Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil (2013) / Perfil nutricional de crianças indígenas menores de cinco anos de idade no Alto Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil (2013)

Abstract Objectives: to characterize the nutritional status of indigenous children underfive years of age living in rural communities in the Upper Solimões River region, inhabited by seven ethnic groups, based on data of december 2013. Methods: weight and height data extracted from SISVAN-I (Indigenous Food and Nutritional Surveillance System) forms filled in 2013 for 7,520 children (86.0% of the estimated children in this age group). The indices height-for-age (H/A), weight-for-age (W/A), weight-for-height(W/H), and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) were calculated. Growth reference curves proposed by the World Health Organization were used to calculate z-scores. Results: the height-for-age (H/A) index presented the lowest mean z-score values, reaching -1.95 among children between 36 and 60 months. Mean z-score values for the weight-for-age (W/A) index also remained below zero. Mean z-score values for the indices weight-for-height (W/H) and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) remained slightly above zero, reaching a maximum value of 0.5. Of all children, 45.7% presented low H/A, 9.6% presented low W/A, 4.5% presented low W/H, and 10.7% presented overweight based on BMI/A. Conclusion: our analysis show that in 2013 poor nutritional status persisted as an important health issue among these rural indigenous children.

Resumo Objetivos: caracterizar o estado nutricional de crianças indígenas menores de cinco anos, de comunidades rurais na região do Alto Solimões, habitada por sete etnias, com base em dados de dezembro de 2013. Métodos: foram extraídos dos formulários do SISVAN Indígena dados de peso e estatura, coletados em 2013, de 7.520 crianças (86,0% das crianças estimadas nesta faixa etária). Foram calculados os índices estatura-para-idade (E/I), peso-para-idade (P/I), peso-para-estatura (P/E) e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC/I). Curvas de referência para crescimento propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde foram utilizadas para calcular escores z. Resultados: o índice estatura-para-idade (E/I) apresentou os menores valores médios de escore z, chegando a -1,95 nas crianças entre 36 e 60 meses. Os valores médios do escore z do índice peso-para-idade (P/I) também permaneceram abaixo de zero. Os valores médios do escore z para os índices P/E e índice de massa corporal para idade (IMC/I) mantiveram-se ligeiramente acima de zero, atingindo valor máximo de 0,5. Do total de crianças, 45,7% apresentaram baixa E/I, 9,6%, baixo P/I, 4,5% baixo P/E e 10,7% de excesso de peso de acordo com o IMC/I. Conclusão: em 2013 a desnutrição persistia como um importante agravo à saúde nessas crianças.

Temporal analysis and contextual factors associated with HIV/AIDS in Brazil from 2000 to 2019 / Análise temporal e fatores contextuais associados ao HIV/aids no Brasil entre 2000 e 2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil and its Federation Units by gender, identify its associated contextual factors, and track changes in its epidemiological pattern from 2000 to 2019. METHODS: This is an ecological study with epidemiological data from DATASUS and population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Time-series analyses of incidence rates by gender and trends were performed by joinpoint regressions, obtaining the average annual percent change (AAPC). Then, all genders were analyzed regarding the association between AAPC and the following contextual indicators: Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M), Gini Index, Social Vulnerability Index, illiteracy rates, proportion of late diagnosis, and proportion of test distribution. RESULTS: Incidence rates in men showed a linear decreasing trend (AAPC = −0.6; 95%CI −1.1 to 0.0). Rates in women increased from 2000 to 2009 and decreased from 2010 to 2019, tending upward throughout the period (AAPC = 1.4; 95%CI 0.8 to 1.9). Analyses by gender ratio showed a downward trend (AAPC = −1.8; 95%CI −2.3 to −1.3), indicating a reduction in the rates in men when compared to women. Indicators and the AAPC showed an inverse association for all genders, in which the HDI-M was the variable with the most pronounced association, showing that higher human development indices are associated with lower variations in HIV/AIDS rates. CONCLUSION: Case distribution differ across genders, with an upward incidence trend in women and a possible association with gender-related vulnerabilities. It is important to think about public policies that consider these dimensions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil da epidemia de HIV/aids no Brasil e nas unidades da federação de acordo com o sexo, identificar os fatores contextuais associados e acompanhar mudanças no padrão epidemiológico entre 2000 e 2019. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico utilizando dados epidemiológicos do Datasus, e populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Inicialmente foram realizadas análises de séries temporais das taxas de incidência por sexo e de tendências por regressões joinpoint, com obtenção da média da variação percentual das taxas (average annual percent change - AAPC). Posteriormente procedeu-se a uma análise, para ambos os sexos, da associação da AAPC com os indicadores contextuais Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M), Índice de Gini, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social, taxa de analfabetismo, proporção de diagnóstico tardio e proporção de distribuição de testes. RESULTADOS: Observa-se tendência linear de redução nas taxas de incidência para o sexo masculino (AAPC = −0,6; IC95% −1,1 a 0,0). Para o sexo feminino, houve aumento nas taxas entre 2000 e 2009 e declínio entre 2010 e 2019, com uma tendência de incremento no período completo (AAPC = 1,4; IC95% 0,8 a 1,9). As análises por razão entre os sexos indicaram tendência de declínio (AAPC = −1,8; IC95% −2,3 a −1,3), apontando redução nas taxas para o sexo masculino em relação ao sexo feminino. Verificou-se associação inversa dos indicadores com a AAPC para ambos os sexos, sendo IDH-M a variável com associação mais pronunciada, evidenciando que maiores índices de desenvolvimento humano estão associados a menores variações nas taxas de HIV/aids. CONCLUSÃO: Os casos se distribuem de formas distintas entre os sexos, com tendência de incremento na incidência em mulheres e possível associação com vulnerabilidades relacionadas ao gênero, sendo importante pensar em políticas públicas que considerem essas dimensões.

A'uwe (Xavante) views of food security in a context of monetarization of an indigenous economy in Central Brazil.

Following boom-and-bust economic cycles provoked by Brazilian governmental attempts to integrate Indigenous peoples into national society, it is approximately since the beginning of the 2000s that Brazilian Indigenous peoples came to be viewed officially as "poor" and victims of "hunger." Consequently, the national indigenist agency and other State entities started to conceive and implement diverse initiatives that ultimately injected money and resources into Indigenous communities. In 2019 we undertook an ethnographic study in three A'uwe (Xavante) communities in the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Reserve, Central Brazil, with the objective of analyzing how people understand and pursue food security. We propose that in the studied communities the complex network of A'uwe food reciprocity is a fundamental strategy for mitigating hunger and acute lack of food. We show that among the A'uwe, the hybrid economy that developed since the 1970s has proved resilient to dramatic transformations and uncertainty in the availability and characteristics of external government inputs.

Coping with Hypertension among Indigenous Peoples in Brazil and the Role of the Primary Care Nurse: A Critical Review from a Transcultural Perspective.

Our objective is to critically review the literature addressing the strategic role of nurses in the daily primary care of arterial hypertension in Indigenous communities in Brazil. We selected studies based on an initial keyword search of major bibliographic indexing databases for the years 2000 to 2020 and manual search. Further selection was based on topical, methodological, and thematic relevance, as well as evaluation of scholarship quality and pertinence to our chosen narrative. The literature demonstrates Indigenous peoples do not receive health services that measure up to national standards in large part due to a marked lack of academic and employer preparation for nurses operating in transcultural settings. Inequities were apparent in recurrent reports of victim-blaming, deficient clinical communication with patients, clinical malpractice, devaluation of hypertension as a problem for Indigenous peoples, insufficient intercultural training for nurses, and discrimination against Indigenous students in nursing education programs. This systemic problem needs to be addressed by universities and the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem in Brazil.

Indigenous migration patterns in Brazil based on the 2010 national demographic census: analysis and critical reflection.

Research in several Latin American countries points to violence, loss of traditional territories, and seeking education, health, and wage labor as key variables in triggering rural-urban migration among Indigenous people. This study presents an analysis of the migration patterns of Indigenous people in Brazil, compared to non-indigenous people, based on data from the most recent national census, conducted in 2010. Migration characteristics related to lifetime migration and recent migration were investigated by means of descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The findings pointed to complex mobility scenarios according to migrants' Indigenous status and geographical regions of origin and destination. Indigenous people living in urban areas presented high levels of mobility (approximately 50% lived in different municipalities from those where they were born), which were more pronounced than those of non-Indigenous people. Indigenous people living in rural areas presented the lowest levels of migration (approximately 90% residing in their municipality of birth). Statistical modeling confirmed the patterns observed in descriptive analysis, highlighting the marked mobility of Indigenous subjects in urban areas. We emphasize the limitations of using census data for characterizing Indigenous mobility profiles, although no other nationally representative data are available. The finding that the Indigenous population living in urban areas presents rates of migration higher than their non-Indigenous counterparts is particularly important for the planning and implementation of a broad range of public policies aimed at ethnic minorities in the country, including health, education, and housing initiatives.

A'uwe (Xavante) Social Constructions of Well-Being in Central Brazil.

Well-being is a heterogeneous idea with inconsistent applicability to real-world circumstances. In this article, I explore A'uwe (Xavante) notions of social well-being from an ethnographic perspective. My data indicate many members of this Indigenous group understand wellness to involve not only health and harmony, but also certain modes of strife and inequality that are also viewed as desirable. A'uwe understandings of social wellness, including linkages to the environment, suggest that a broader and more locally contingent concept of social well-being than is evident in mainstream literature would benefit transcultural health efforts and policy involving Indigenous and other culturally distinct communities.

[Nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in children under five years of age in maroon communities in Northeast Brazil]. / Estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças menores de cinco anos de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos do Nordeste brasileiro.

Quilombolas, or members of maroon communities in Brazil, are part of the country's ethnic/racial minorities exposed to health inequities, reflecting a historical process of harsh socioeconomic disadvantages. The study aimed to assess nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in quilombola children under five years of age living in land-deeded quilombola communities in Northeast Brazil. The study used secondary data from the Survey on Food and Nutritional Security in Land-Deeded Quilombola Communities (2011). The target outcomes were stunting (height-for-age < -2z), excess weight (weight-for-height > 2z), and underweight (weight-for-age < -2z). Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of differences between prevalence rates. Multivariate analysis used a hierarchical conceptual model on stunting. Prevalence rates for excess weight and underweight were 2.8% and 6,1%, respectively. Stunting was diagnosed in 14.1% of the sample. The hierarchical model for stunting evidenced higher prevalence rates among children without access to primary healthcare (PR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.11; 2.41) and safe water (PR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.42; 3.08) and those with a history of low birthweight (PR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.33; 3.61). The high prevalence of stunting showed that the quilombola' population in the Northeast experiences unfavorable health condition, reflecting lack of access to primary healthcare and precarious sanitation.

Os quilombolas constituem parte das minorias étnico-raciais do país que apresentam iniquidades em saúde, reflexo de um processo histórico de grandes desvantagens socioeconômicas. O objetivo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças quilombolas menores de cinco anos residentes em comunidades quilombolas tituladas na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Utilizaram-se dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Os desfechos de interesse foram o déficit estatural (estatura-para-idade < -2z), excesso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) e o déficit ponderal (peso-para-idade < -2z). Foi empregado o teste qui-quadrado para avaliar a significância das diferenças entre as prevalências. A análise multivariada considerou um modelo conceitual hierárquico sobre o déficit estatural. As prevalências de excesso de peso e déficit ponderal foram 2,8% e 6,1%, respectivamente. O déficit estatural foi diagnosticado em 14,1% da amostra. O modelo hierárquico de déficit estatural evidenciou maiores prevalências do agravo entre crianças que não tinham acesso à atenção básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), à água tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) e que nasceram com baixo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). A elevada prevalência de déficit estatural mostra que a população quilombola no Nordeste apresenta condições de saúde desfavoráveis, sendo reflexo da falta de acesso à atenção básica e das precárias condições de saneamento.

Los quilombolas constituyen parte de las minorías étnico-raciales del país que presentan inequidades en salud, reflejo de un proceso histórico que implicó grandes desigualdades socioeconómicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional y los factores asociados con el déficit de estatura en niños quilombolas, menores de 5 años, residentes en comunidades quilombolas, ubicadas en la Región Nordeste del Brasil. Se utilizaron datos secundarios provenientes de la Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Los resultados de interés fueron: déficit de estatura (estatura-para-edad < -2z), exceso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) y insuficiencia ponderal (peso-para-edad < -2z). Se empleó la prueba chi-cuadrado para evaluar la significancia de las diferencias entre las prevalencias. El análisis multivariado consideró un modelo conceptual jerárquico sobre la insuficiencia de estatura. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso y déficit ponderal fueron 2,8%, 6,1%, respectivamente. El déficit de estatura fue diagnosticado en un 14,1% de la muestra. El modelo jerárquico de déficit de estatura evidenció mayores prevalencias de enfermedades entre niños que no tenían acceso a la atención básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), al agua tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) y que nacieron con bajo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). La elevada prevalencia de déficit de estatura muestra que la población quilombola en el Nordeste presenta condiciones de salud desfavorables, siendo reflejo de la falta de acceso a la atención básica en salud y de las precarias condiciones de saneamiento.

Food Profiles of Indigenous Households in Brazil: Results of the First National Survey of Indigenous Peoples' Health and Nutrition.

The objective of the present study was to characterize the food profiles in Indigenous households participating in the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to estimate distances between regions and foods from three sources (local Indigenous production, purchased, and external donation), in addition to "not consumed." The combined distribution of the first two dimensions revealed three distinct profiles of food acquisition. Observed proximities between geopolitical regions and distinct modes of food acquisition speak to regional contrasts in food sovereignty among the Indigenous population that are closely linked to historical occupation and economic expansion in the country. Considering the concept of food sovereignty as involving rights to dietary autonomy, healthy diets, and resource management, our data suggest Brazil's North region is the closest of the four regions analyzed to these goals. Food sovereignty in the Northeast and South/Southeast regions is reduced due to greater monetarization and proximity to market economy resources. The advance of agribusiness in the Amazon has been a hallmark of the Brazilian government's current environmental policy, directly threatening the survival of Indigenous peoples living in that region.

Birth weight of indigenous children in Brazil: results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition.

Birth weight is an important predictor of perinatal, infant, and preschool-age children morbimortality. However, information about indigenous children's birth weight is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze the birth weight of indigenous children based on data from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, Brazil (2008-2009). This is the first study to address indigenous children's birth weight based on a nationwide representative sample. Mean birth weights and the respective standard deviations were calculated according to geopolitical region, sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in means, considering sample design and data normality. We found no records on birth weight in the researched documents for 26.7% of the 6,128 sampled children. The mean birth weight for the 3,994 children included in the analyses was 3,201g (standard deviation - SD ± 18.6g), regardless of sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The prevalence of low birth weight was 7.6% (n = 302) and was significantly higher among girls. Boys presented significantly higher mean birth weight than girls, regardless of the geopolitical region. Low birth weight was slightly less frequent among indigenous children when compared to Brazilian children in general. Our study indicates the need to improve prenatal care and the quality of consultation records for indigenous women as a strategy to promote safe pregnancy and childbirth.

Socioeconomic determinants of excess weight and obesity among Indigenous women: findings from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: This article assesses the nutritional status of Indigenous women from 14 to 49 years of age in Brazil. DESIGN: Sample size was calculated for each region considering a prevalence of 50 % for all disease outcomes, a relative error of 5 % and a CI of 95 %. In the initial data analysis, the prevalence of excess weight and obesity was calculated according to independent variables. Multivariate multilevel hierarchical analyses were conducted based on a theoretical model of two ranked blocks. SETTING: The 2010 Indigenous population in Brazil was 896 000, with approximately 300 Indigenous ethnic groups, making Brazil one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the Americas and the world. PARTICIPANTS: Of the total target sample of 6722 women evaluated by the National Survey, thirty did not participate, 939 were not eligible for analyses due to pregnancy or unknown pregnancy status, and thirty-nine were excluded due to missing anthropometric data. RESULTS: The evaluation of nutritional status was completed for 5714 non-pregnant women (99·3 % of eligible participants for this outcome). High prevalence rates were encountered for both excess weight (46·2 %) and obesity (15·8 %) among the sampled women. In the multivariate analyses, higher socioeconomic indicators, market-integrated living conditions and less reliance on local food production, as well as increased age and parity were associated with excess weight and obesity. CONCLUSION: Results point to distinct patterns of associations between socioeconomic indicators and the occurrence of excess weight and obesity among Indigenous women, which have potentially significant implications from a public policy perspective for Indigenous peoples in Brazil.

Birth weight of indigenous children in Brazil: results of the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition / Peso ao nascer de crianças indígenas no Brasil: resultados do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas / Peso al nacer de niños indígenas en Brasil: resultados de la Primera Encuesta Nacional sobre la Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblos Indígenas

Birth weight is an important predictor of perinatal, infant, and preschool-age children morbimortality. However, information about indigenous children's birth weight is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze the birth weight of indigenous children based on data from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition, Brazil (2008-2009). This is the first study to address indigenous children's birth weight based on a nationwide representative sample. Mean birth weights and the respective standard deviations were calculated according to geopolitical region, sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests in means, considering sample design and data normality. We found no records on birth weight in the researched documents for 26.7% of the 6,128 sampled children. The mean birth weight for the 3,994 children included in the analyses was 3,201g (standard deviation - SD ± 18.6g), regardless of sex, type of birth, and birthplace. The prevalence of low birth weight was 7.6% (n = 302) and was significantly higher among girls. Boys presented significantly higher mean birth weight than girls, regardless of the geopolitical region. Low birth weight was slightly less frequent among indigenous children when compared to Brazilian children in general. Our study indicates the need to improve prenatal care and the quality of consultation records for indigenous women as a strategy to promote safe pregnancy and childbirth.

O peso ao nascer é um importante preditor de morbimortalidade perinatal, infantil e pré-escolar. São escassas as informações sobre o peso ao nascer das crianças indígenas no Brasil. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o peso ao nascer das crianças indígenas, com base nos dados do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas, Brasil (2008-2009). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar o peso ao nascer de crianças indígenas com base em uma amostra nacional representativa. Foram calculadas as médias e desvios-padrão de acordo com macrorregião, sexo, tipo e parto e local do parto. Foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado para analisar as diferenças de proporções e os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e U de Mann-Whitney para diferenças nas médias, considerando o desenho amostral do estudo e a normalidade dos dados. Para 26,7% das 6.128 crianças da amostra, não foi possível localizar qualquer registro de peso ao nascer nos documentos consultados. Entre as 3.994 crianças incluídas nas análises, o peso médio ao nascer, independentemente de sexo, tipo de parto e local do parto, foi 3.201g (desvio padrão - DP ± 18,6g). A prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer foi 7,6% (n = 302), significativamente mais alta em meninas. Os meninos apresentaram peso médio ao nascer significativamente mais alto que as meninas, independentemente de região. A frequência de baixo peso ao nascer foi ligeiramente mais baixa que nas crianças brasileiras em geral. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de melhorar a assistência pré-natal e a qualidade dos registros das consultas das mulheres indígenas, como estratégia para promover a segurança na gravidez e no parto.

El peso al nacer es un predictor importante de morbimortalidad perinatal, infantil y preescolar. La información sobre el peso al nacer de niños indígenas es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el peso al nacer de los niños indígenas, basado en datos de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblo Indígenas, Brasil (2008-2009). Se trata del primer estudio dirigido al peso al nacer de niños indígenas, basado en una muestra representativa nacionalmente. Las medias y las respectivas desviaciones estándar del peso al nacer se calcularon según la región geopolítica, sexo, tipo de nacimiento y localización del mismo. Se usó un test chi-cuadrado para analizar las diferencias en proporciones y las pruebas Kruskal-Wallis y de la U de Mann-Whitney para las diferencias en las medias, considerando el diseño de la muestra del estudio y normalidad de los datos. Para un 26,7% de los 6.128 niños incluidos en la muestra no fue posible localizar ningún registro de peso al nacer en los documentos investigados. De los 3.994 niños incluidos en el análisis, la media de peso al nacer, independiente del sexo, tipo de nacimiento, y lugar de nacimiento, fue 3.201g (desviación estándar - SD ± 18,6g). La prevalencia del bajo peso al nacer fue 7,6% (n = 302) y fue significativamente más alta entre niñas. Los niños presentaron significativamente una media más alta de peso al nacer que las niñas, independientemente de la región. La frecuencia del bajo peso al nacer fue ligeramente más baja que la observada en niños brasileños en general. Este estudio presenta aspectos que se necesitan mejorar en el cuidado prenatal y en la calidad de los registros de las consultas de mujeres indígenas, como una estrategia para promover un embarazo y parto seguros.

Estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças menores de cinco anos de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos do Nordeste brasileiro / Nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in children under five years of age in maroon communities in Northeast Brazil / Estado nutricional y factores asociados al déficit de estatura en niños menores de cinco años originarios de comunidades reminiscentes de quilombos en el Nordeste Brasileño

Resumo: Os quilombolas constituem parte das minorias étnico-raciais do país que apresentam iniquidades em saúde, reflexo de um processo histórico de grandes desvantagens socioeconômicas. O objetivo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e fatores associados ao déficit estatural em crianças quilombolas menores de cinco anos residentes em comunidades quilombolas tituladas na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Utilizaram-se dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Os desfechos de interesse foram o déficit estatural (estatura-para-idade < -2z), excesso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) e o déficit ponderal (peso-para-idade < -2z). Foi empregado o teste qui-quadrado para avaliar a significância das diferenças entre as prevalências. A análise multivariada considerou um modelo conceitual hierárquico sobre o déficit estatural. As prevalências de excesso de peso e déficit ponderal foram 2,8% e 6,1%, respectivamente. O déficit estatural foi diagnosticado em 14,1% da amostra. O modelo hierárquico de déficit estatural evidenciou maiores prevalências do agravo entre crianças que não tinham acesso à atenção básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), à água tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) e que nasceram com baixo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). A elevada prevalência de déficit estatural mostra que a população quilombola no Nordeste apresenta condições de saúde desfavoráveis, sendo reflexo da falta de acesso à atenção básica e das precárias condições de saneamento.

Abstract: Quilombolas, or members of maroon communities in Brazil, are part of the country's ethnic/racial minorities exposed to health inequities, reflecting a historical process of harsh socioeconomic disadvantages. The study aimed to assess nutritional status and factors associated with stunting in quilombola children under five years of age living in land-deeded quilombola communities in Northeast Brazil. The study used secondary data from the Survey on Food and Nutritional Security in Land-Deeded Quilombola Communities (2011). The target outcomes were stunting (height-for-age < -2z), excess weight (weight-for-height > 2z), and underweight (weight-for-age < -2z). Chi-square test was used to assess the significance of differences between prevalence rates. Multivariate analysis used a hierarchical conceptual model on stunting. Prevalence rates for excess weight and underweight were 2.8% and 6,1%, respectively. Stunting was diagnosed in 14.1% of the sample. The hierarchical model for stunting evidenced higher prevalence rates among children without access to primary healthcare (PR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.11; 2.41) and safe water (PR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.42; 3.08) and those with a history of low birthweight (PR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.33; 3.61). The high prevalence of stunting showed that the quilombola' population in the Northeast experiences unfavorable health condition, reflecting lack of access to primary healthcare and precarious sanitation.

Resumen: Los quilombolas constituyen parte de las minorías étnico-raciales del país que presentan inequidades en salud, reflejo de un proceso histórico que implicó grandes desigualdades socioeconómicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional y los factores asociados con el déficit de estatura en niños quilombolas, menores de 5 años, residentes en comunidades quilombolas, ubicadas en la Región Nordeste del Brasil. Se utilizaron datos secundarios provenientes de la Pesquisa de Avaliação da Situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional em Comunidades Quilombolas Tituladas (2011). Los resultados de interés fueron: déficit de estatura (estatura-para-edad < -2z), exceso de peso (peso-para-estatura > 2z) y insuficiencia ponderal (peso-para-edad < -2z). Se empleó la prueba chi-cuadrado para evaluar la significancia de las diferencias entre las prevalencias. El análisis multivariado consideró un modelo conceptual jerárquico sobre la insuficiencia de estatura. Las prevalencias de exceso de peso y déficit ponderal fueron 2,8%, 6,1%, respectivamente. El déficit de estatura fue diagnosticado en un 14,1% de la muestra. El modelo jerárquico de déficit de estatura evidenció mayores prevalencias de enfermedades entre niños que no tenían acceso a la atención básica (RP = 1,63; IC95%: 1,11; 2,41), al agua tratada (RP = 2,09; IC95%: 1,42; 3,08) y que nacieron con bajo peso (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,33; 3,61). La elevada prevalencia de déficit de estatura muestra que la población quilombola en el Nordeste presenta condiciones de salud desfavorables, siendo reflejo de la falta de acceso a la atención básica en salud y de las precarias condiciones de saneamiento.

Remote spatial analysis lacking ethnographic grounding mischaracterizes sustainability of Indigenous burning regime / Análise espacial remota sem embasamento etnográfico descaracteriza a sustentabilidade do regime de queimada indígena

Abstract: Scientific research that purports to evaluate Indigenous fire regimes in the absence of ethnographically contextualized ecological data runs the risk of exacerbating the fire blame game and providing evidence to support distorted narratives advanced by anti-Indigenous advocates. Spatial analysis of fire scars in Indigenous territories can be an effective tool for characterizing cultural fire regimes in terms of distribution and frequency, especially when qualified by linkages to different local ecosystems. A recently published article drew on fire scar mapping from satellite imagery to assess anthropogenic fire distribution and frequency in the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Land, Central Brazil. The authors use their findings to characterize A'uwẽ (Xavante) use of fire as unmanaged and a model of unsustainable use of cerrado resources. In this article, we discuss Aguiar & Martins's recent paper in light of our long-term research on A'uwẽ hunting with fire in the Pimentel Barbosa Indigenous Land, arguing that A'uwẽ hunters do burn according to established cultural protocols, manage their use of fire for conservationist purposes, and do not cause environmental degradation by burning.

Resumo: A pesquisa científica que pretende avaliar regimes indígenas de queimadas na ausência de dados ecológicos contextualizados etnograficamente corre o risco de exacerbar o jogo de culpabilização do fogo, fornecendo evidências para apoiar narrativas distorcidas apresentadas por militantes anti-indígenas. A análise espacial de cicatrizes de fogo em territórios indígenas pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para caracterizar regimes culturais de fogo em termos de distribuição e frequência, especialmente quando qualificada por ligações a diferentes ecossistemas locais. Um artigo publicado recentemente se baseou no mapeamento de cicatrizes de fogo a partir de imagens de satélite para avaliar a distribuição e frequência antropogênica de fogo na Terra Indígena Pimentel Barbosa, Brasil Central. Os autores usam seus resultados para caracterizar o uso do fogo pelos A'uwẽ (Xavante) como não manejado e um modelo insustentável de uso de recursos do cerrado. Neste artigo, discutimos o artigo recente de Aguiar & Martins à luz de nossa pesquisa de longa duração sobre a caçada com fogo praticada pelos A'uwẽ na Terra Indígena Pimentel Barbosa, argumentando que os caçadores A'uwẽ queimam de acordo com protocolos culturais estabelecidos, manejam o fogo de maneira conservacionista e não causam degradação ambiental pela queimada.

Indigenous children and adolescent mortality inequity in Brazil: What can we learn from the 2010 National Demographic Census?

Indigenous peoples worldwide are highly disadvantaged compared to national baseline populations. Given historical challenges to accessing relevant data for Brazil, the present study innovates by using 2010 Brazilian National Demographic Census data to estimate mortality curves in Indigenous children and adolescents <20 years. The non-parametric smoothing approach TOPALS (tool for projecting age-specific rates using linear splines) was employed. Analyses included stratifications by sex, rural or urban residence, and geopolitical region. The mortality of children and adolescents classified as Indigenous was higher for all analyzed strata. Mortality of Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals in rural areas was higher than those in urban areas in almost all strata analyzed. Mortality levels in the Indigenous segment exceed those of children and adolescents classified as non-Indigenous in all four geopolitical regions, with few exceptions. This is the first study to compare mortality curves of children and adolescents in Brazil according to social variables based on national census data. More Indigenous children and adolescents die than their non-Indigenous counterparts, including those classified as black or brown, in both rural and urban residential settings. Indigenous children and adolescents are consistently at the most disadvantaged end of a marked gradient of ethnic-racial inequality in Brazil, independently of sex, age, and geopolitical region.

The Xavante Longitudinal Health Study in Brazil: Objectives, design, and key results.

OBJECTIVE: The Xavante Longitudinal Health Study was developed to permit granular tracking of contemporary health challenges faced by indigenous communities in Brazil, taking into consideration ongoing historical processes that may be associated with increases in child undernutrition, adult obesity, and cardiovascular disease risks. METHODS: This was an open-cohort study with six semiannual data collection waves from 2009 to 2012. The study was undertaken in two Xavante villages, Pimentel Barbosa and Etênhiritipá, State of Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. No sampling technique was used. Data collection placed emphasis on growth and nutrition of children under five and nutrition status, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels of adolescents and adults. RESULTS: Baseline data collection began in July/August 2009 with a population census (656 individuals). Between the first and final waves, the study population increased by 17%. At baseline, stunting and wasting was elevated for most age groups <10 years. Overweight, obesity, and increased risk of metabolic complications were expressive among individuals >17 years, disproportionately affecting females. Anemia was elevated in most age groups, especially among females. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was moderate. The overall prevalence of high blood pressure was relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal marked health disparities relative to the Brazilian national population and a complex dietary health epidemiology involving the double burden of malnutrition, rapidly changing nutritional indicators, and elevated metabolic disease risk. The topically broad multidisciplinary focus permitted construction of the richest longitudinal data set of socio-epidemiological information for an indigenous population in Brazil.

[Assessment of prenatal care for indigenous women in Brazil: findings from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition]. / Avaliação da atenção pré-natal ofertada às mulheres indígenas no Brasil: achados do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas.

This study assesses prenatal care for indigenous women 14-49 years of age with children under five years of age in Brazil. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition assessed 3,967 women who met these criteria, of whom 41.3% in the North, 21.2% in the Central, 22.2% in the Northeast, and 15% in the South/Southeast. Prenatal care was offered to 3,437 (86.6%) of these women. The North of Brazil showed the highest proportion of indigenous women who did not receive prenatal care. Coverage was 90.4%, but only some 30% began prenatal care in the first trimester, and only 60% of the eligible women were vaccinated for diphtheria and tetanus. Only 16% of indigenous pregnant women had seven or more prenatal visits. Access to at least one clinical-obstetric consultation was found in 97% of the records, except for breast examination (63%). Laboratory test rates were low (blood glucose 53.6%, urinalysis 53%, complete blood count 56.9%, Pap smear 12.9%, syphilis test 57.6%, HIV serology 44.2%, hepatitis B 53.6%, rubella 21.4%, and toxoplasmosis 32.6%), as was prescription of ferrous sulfate (44.1%). As a whole, the proportion of orders for recommended laboratory tests was only 53%. The percentages of prenatal care procedures for indigenous women are lower than for non-indigenous Brazilian women as a whole, and are even lower than among women in regions with high social vulnerability and low healthcare coverage, like the Legal Amazonia and the Northeast. The results confirm the persistence of ethnic-racial inequalities that compromise the health and well-being of indigenous mothers.

Este estudo avalia a atenção pré-natal de mulheres indígenas com idades entre 14-49 anos, com filhos menores de 60 meses no Brasil. O Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas avaliou 3.967 mulheres que atendiam a tais requisitos, sendo 41,3% da Região Norte; 21,2% do Centro-oeste; 22,2% do Nordeste; e 15% do Sul/Sudeste. O pré-natal foi ofertado a 3.437 (86,6%) delas. A Região Norte registrou a maior proporção de mulheres que não fizeram pré-natal. A cobertura alcançada foi de 90,4%, mas somente cerca de 30% iniciaram o pré-natal no 1º trimestre e apenas 60% das elegíveis foram vacinadas contra difteria e tétano. Somente 16% das gestantes indígenas realizaram 7 ou mais consultas de pré-natal. Ter acesso a pelo menos um cuidado clínico-obstétrico foi observado em cerca de 97% dos registros, exceto exame de mamas (63%). Foi baixa a solicitação de exames (glicemia 53,6%, urina 53%, hemograma 56,9%, citologia oncótica 12,9%, teste de sífilis 57,6%, sorologia para HIV 44,2%, hepatite B 53,6%, rubéola 21,4% e toxoplasmose 32,6%) e prescrição de sulfato ferroso (44,1%). No conjunto, a proporção de solicitações de exames laboratoriais preconizados não ultrapassou 53%. Os percentuais de realização das ações do pré-natal das indígenas são mais baixos que os encontrados para mulheres não indígenas no conjunto do território nacional, e até mesmo para as residentes em regiões de elevada vulnerabilidade social e baixa cobertura assistencial como a Amazônia Legal e o Nordeste. Os resultados reafirmam a persistência de desigualdades étnico-raciais que comprometem a saúde e o bem-estar de mães indígenas.

Este estudio evalúa la atención prenatal a mujeres indígenas con edades comprendidas entre los 14-49 años, con hijos menores de 60 meses en Brasil. La Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblos Indígenas evaluó a 3.967 mujeres que reunían tales requisitos, procediendo un 41,3% de la Región Norte; un 21,2% del Centro-oeste; un 22,2% del Nordeste; y un 15% del Sur/Sudeste. El servicio prenatal se le ofreció a 3.437 (86,6%) de ellas. La Región Norte registró la mayor proporción de mujeres que no realizaron el seguimiento prenatal. La cobertura alcanzada fue de un 90,4%, pero solamente cerca de un 30% comenzaron el seguimiento prenatal durante el primer trimestre y sólo un 60% de las elegibles fueron vacunadas contra la difteria y tétanos. Solamente un 16% de las gestantes indígenas realizaron 7 o más consultas de prenatal. Alrededor de un 97% de los registros se observó que tuvieron acceso a por lo menos un cuidado clínico-obstétrico, excepto el examen de mamas (63%). Fue baja la solicitud de exámenes (glucemia 53,6%, orina 53%, hemograma 56,9%, citología oncológica 12,9%, test de sífilis 57,6%, serología para VIH 44,2%, hepatitis B 53,6%, rubeola 21,4% y toxoplasmosis un 32,6%) y la prescripción de sulfato ferroso (44,1%). En conjunto, la proporción de solicitudes de exámenes de laboratorio previstos no sobrepasó el 53%. Los porcentajes de realización de acciones del seguimiento prenatal por parte de las indígenas son más bajos que los encontrados en mujeres no indígenas, en el conjunto del territorio nacional, y hasta incluso en comparación con las residentes en regiones de elevada vulnerabilidad social y baja cobertura asistencial como la Amazonia Legal y el Nordeste. Los resultados reafirman la persistencia de desigualdades étnico-raciales que comprometen la salud y el bienestar de las madres indígenas.

Avaliação da atenção pré-natal ofertada às mulheres indígenas no Brasil: achados do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas / Assessment of prenatal care for indigenous women in Brazil: findings from the First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition / Evaluación de la atención prenatal ofrecida a mujeres indígenas en Brasil: resultados de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblos Indígenas

Resumo: Este estudo avalia a atenção pré-natal de mulheres indígenas com idades entre 14-49 anos, com filhos menores de 60 meses no Brasil. O Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição dos Povos Indígenas avaliou 3.967 mulheres que atendiam a tais requisitos, sendo 41,3% da Região Norte; 21,2% do Centro-oeste; 22,2% do Nordeste; e 15% do Sul/Sudeste. O pré-natal foi ofertado a 3.437 (86,6%) delas. A Região Norte registrou a maior proporção de mulheres que não fizeram pré-natal. A cobertura alcançada foi de 90,4%, mas somente cerca de 30% iniciaram o pré-natal no 1º trimestre e apenas 60% das elegíveis foram vacinadas contra difteria e tétano. Somente 16% das gestantes indígenas realizaram 7 ou mais consultas de pré-natal. Ter acesso a pelo menos um cuidado clínico-obstétrico foi observado em cerca de 97% dos registros, exceto exame de mamas (63%). Foi baixa a solicitação de exames (glicemia 53,6%, urina 53%, hemograma 56,9%, citologia oncótica 12,9%, teste de sífilis 57,6%, sorologia para HIV 44,2%, hepatite B 53,6%, rubéola 21,4% e toxoplasmose 32,6%) e prescrição de sulfato ferroso (44,1%). No conjunto, a proporção de solicitações de exames laboratoriais preconizados não ultrapassou 53%. Os percentuais de realização das ações do pré-natal das indígenas são mais baixos que os encontrados para mulheres não indígenas no conjunto do território nacional, e até mesmo para as residentes em regiões de elevada vulnerabilidade social e baixa cobertura assistencial como a Amazônia Legal e o Nordeste. Os resultados reafirmam a persistência de desigualdades étnico-raciais que comprometem a saúde e o bem-estar de mães indígenas.

Abstract: This study assesses prenatal care for indigenous women 14-49 years of age with children under five years of age in Brazil. The First National Survey of Indigenous People's Health and Nutrition assessed 3,967 women who met these criteria, of whom 41.3% in the North, 21.2% in the Central, 22.2% in the Northeast, and 15% in the South/Southeast. Prenatal care was offered to 3,437 (86.6%) of these women. The North of Brazil showed the highest proportion of indigenous women who did not receive prenatal care. Coverage was 90.4%, but only some 30% began prenatal care in the first trimester, and only 60% of the eligible women were vaccinated for diphtheria and tetanus. Only 16% of indigenous pregnant women had seven or more prenatal visits. Access to at least one clinical-obstetric consultation was found in 97% of the records, except for breast examination (63%). Laboratory test rates were low (blood glucose 53.6%, urinalysis 53%, complete blood count 56.9%, Pap smear 12.9%, syphilis test 57.6%, HIV serology 44.2%, hepatitis B 53.6%, rubella 21.4%, and toxoplasmosis 32.6%), as was prescription of ferrous sulfate (44.1%). As a whole, the proportion of orders for recommended laboratory tests was only 53%. The percentages of prenatal care procedures for indigenous women are lower than for non-indigenous Brazilian women as a whole, and are even lower than among women in regions with high social vulnerability and low healthcare coverage, like the Legal Amazonia and the Northeast. The results confirm the persistence of ethnic-racial inequalities that compromise the health and well-being of indigenous mothers.

Resumen: Este estudio evalúa la atención prenatal a mujeres indígenas con edades comprendidas entre los 14-49 años, con hijos menores de 60 meses en Brasil. La Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de los Pueblos Indígenas evaluó a 3.967 mujeres que reunían tales requisitos, procediendo un 41,3% de la Región Norte; un 21,2% del Centro-oeste; un 22,2% del Nordeste; y un 15% del Sur/Sudeste. El servicio prenatal se le ofreció a 3.437 (86,6%) de ellas. La Región Norte registró la mayor proporción de mujeres que no realizaron el seguimiento prenatal. La cobertura alcanzada fue de un 90,4%, pero solamente cerca de un 30% comenzaron el seguimiento prenatal durante el primer trimestre y sólo un 60% de las elegibles fueron vacunadas contra la difteria y tétanos. Solamente un 16% de las gestantes indígenas realizaron 7 o más consultas de prenatal. Alrededor de un 97% de los registros se observó que tuvieron acceso a por lo menos un cuidado clínico-obstétrico, excepto el examen de mamas (63%). Fue baja la solicitud de exámenes (glucemia 53,6%, orina 53%, hemograma 56,9%, citología oncológica 12,9%, test de sífilis 57,6%, serología para VIH 44,2%, hepatitis B 53,6%, rubeola 21,4% y toxoplasmosis un 32,6%) y la prescripción de sulfato ferroso (44,1%). En conjunto, la proporción de solicitudes de exámenes de laboratorio previstos no sobrepasó el 53%. Los porcentajes de realización de acciones del seguimiento prenatal por parte de las indígenas son más bajos que los encontrados en mujeres no indígenas, en el conjunto del territorio nacional, y hasta incluso en comparación con las residentes en regiones de elevada vulnerabilidad social y baja cobertura asistencial como la Amazonia Legal y el Nordeste. Los resultados reafirman la persistencia de desigualdades étnico-raciales que comprometen la salud y el bienestar de las madres indígenas.