[Survey of family members, who's relatives were included in the palliative network Bielefeld e. V. and recently died]. / Befragung von Zugehörigen verstorbener Palliativpatienten in der ambulanten Versorgung des Palliativnetzes Bielefeld e. V.

BACKGROUND: The Palliative Network Bielefeld e. V. is a cooperation between family doctors and palliative care doctors based on the "agreement to implement palliative home care for terminally ill patients". The doctors are supported by coordinators, who regularly communicate with the patients resp. their family members and call in other co-operation partners (nursing services, ambulant hospice services, physiotherapists, psychologists or pastors) as required. METHOD: In order to collect data about the scope of services and the quality of work of the palliative network a questionnaire was sent to the family members 4 weeks after the patient had passed away. RESULTS: A total of 105 family members were asked, 94 completed questionnaires could be retrieved. 65% of the included patients died at home. Every other included patient had been taken care of for longer than a month. Of all professional groups who came into operation every day, nusring service and palliative nursing service were asked most frequently (52% resp. 41%), of those who came into operation several times a week, family doctors were asked most frequently (26%). 87% of the interviewees were "very content" or "content" with the coordinators, 73% resp. 74% with the family and palliative care doctors and 60% resp. with the nursing services and palliative nursing services. More than 90% of the interviewees stated that needs were realised and disorders were quickly acted on "at all times" or "predominantly". CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between the descriptive results could not be evaluated statistically because of sample size and incomplete frequency of answers. Nevertheless some trends can be shown. Overall contentment seems to increase as much as the percentage of patients who die at home and the duration of care in palliative network grow. The palliative network should be enhanced.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-based functional assay for rapid detection of resistance against ß-lactam antibiotics.

Resistance against ß-lactam antibiotics is a growing challenge for managing severe bacterial infections. The rapid and cost-efficient determination of ß-lactam resistance is an important prerequisite for the choice of an adequate antibiotic therapy. ß-Lactam resistance is based mainly on the expression/overexpression of ß-lactamases, which destroy the central ß-lactam ring of these drugs by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis corresponds to a mass shift of +18 Da, which can be easily detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Therefore, a MALDI-TOF MS-based assay was set up to investigate different enterobacteria for resistance against different ß-lactam antibiotics: ampicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem. ß-Lactamases are enzymes that have a high turnover rate. Therefore, hydrolysis can be detected by MALDI-TOF MS already after a few hours of incubation of the bacteria to be tested with the given antibiotic. The comparison of the MS-derived data with the data from the routine procedure revealed identical classification of the bacteria according to sensitivity and resistance. The MALDI-TOF MS-based assay delivers the results on the same day. The approved routine procedures require at least an additional overnight incubation.

Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of water content in the rhizosphere.

• Despite the importance of rhizosphere properties for water flow from soil to roots, there is limited quantitative information on the distribution of water in the rhizosphere of plants. • Here, we used neutron tomography to quantify and visualize the water content in the rhizosphere of the plant species chickpea (Cicer arietinum), white lupin (Lupinus albus), and maize (Zea mays) 12 d after planting. • We clearly observed increasing soil water contents (θ) towards the root surface for all three plant species, as opposed to the usual assumption of decreasing water content. This was true for tap roots and lateral roots of both upper and lower parts of the root system. Furthermore, water gradients around the lower part of the roots were smaller and extended further into bulk soil compared with the upper part, where the gradients in water content were steeper. • Incorporating the hydraulic conductivity and water retention parameters of the rhizosphere into our model, we could simulate the gradual changes of θ towards the root surface, in agreement with the observations. The modelling result suggests that roots in their rhizosphere may modify the hydraulic properties of soil in a way that improves uptake under dry conditions.