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1.
PeerJ ; 12: e16963, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38426140

RESUMO

Global biodiversity is declining at an ever-increasing rate. Yet effective policies to mitigate or reverse these declines require ecosystem condition data that are rarely available. Morphology-based bioassessment methods are difficult to scale, limited in scope, suffer prohibitive costs, require skilled taxonomists, and can be applied inconsistently between practitioners. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a powerful, reproducible and scalable solution that can survey across the tree-of-life with relatively low cost and minimal expertise for sample collection. However, there remains a need to condense the complex, multidimensional community information into simple, interpretable metrics of ecological health for environmental management purposes. We developed a riverine taxon-independent community index (TICI) that objectively assigns indicator values to amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and significantly improves the statistical power and utility of eDNA-based bioassessments. The TICI model training step uses the Chessman iterative learning algorithm to assign health indicator scores to a large number of ASVs that are commonly encountered across a wide geographic range. New sites can then be evaluated for ecological health by averaging the indicator value of the ASVs present at the site. We trained a TICI model on an eDNA dataset from 53 well-studied riverine monitoring sites across New Zealand, each sampled with a high level of biological replication (n = 16). Eight short-amplicon metabarcoding assays were used to generate data from a broad taxonomic range, including bacteria, microeukaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals. Site-specific TICI scores were strongly correlated with historical stream condition scores from macroinvertebrate assessments (macroinvertebrate community index or MCI; R2 = 0.82), and TICI variation between sample replicates was minimal (CV = 0.013). Taken together, this demonstrates the potential for taxon-independent eDNA analysis to provide a reliable, robust and low-cost assessment of ecological health that is accessible to environmental managers, decision makers, and the wider community.


Assuntos
DNA Ambiental , Ecossistema , Animais , DNA Ambiental/genética , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico/métodos , Biodiversidade , Rios
2.
Molecules ; 23(10)2018 Oct 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30314288

RESUMO

The acute activation of kappa opioid receptors (KOPr) produces antinociceptive and anti-cocaine effects, however, their side-effects have limited further clinical development. Mesyl Sal B is a potent and selective KOPr analogue of Salvinorin A (Sal A), a psychoactive natural product isolated from the plant Salvia divinorum. We assessed the antinociceptive, anti-cocaine, and side-effects of Mesyl Sal B. The anti-cocaine effects are evaluated in cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine in male Sprague Dawley rats. Mesyl Sal B was assessed for anhedonia (conditioned taste aversion), aversion (conditioned place aversion), pro-depressive effects (forced swim test), anxiety (elevated plus maze) and learning and memory deficits (novel object recognition). In male B6.SJL mice, the antinociceptive effects were evaluated in warm-water (50 °C) tail withdrawal and intraplantar formaldehyde (2%) assays and the sedative effects measured with the rotarod performance task. Mesyl Sal B (0.3 mg/kg) attenuated cocaine-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine without modulating sucrose self-administration and without producing aversion, sedation, anxiety, or learning and memory impairment in rats. However, increased immobility was observed in the forced swim test indicating pro-depressive effects. Mesyl Sal B was not as potent as Sal A at reducing pain in the antinociceptive assays. In conclusion, Mesyl Sal B possesses anti-cocaine effects, is longer acting in vivo and has fewer side-effects when compared to Sal A, however, the antinociceptive effects are limited.


Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/metabolismo , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Cocaína/efeitos adversos , Diterpenos Clerodânicos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Mesilatos/farmacologia , Receptores Opioides kappa/agonistas , Animais , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/tratamento farmacológico , Diterpenos/efeitos adversos , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos Clerodânicos/efeitos adversos , Diterpenos Clerodânicos/química , Aprendizagem/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Mesilatos/efeitos adversos , Mesilatos/química , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/etiologia , Dor/metabolismo , Ratos , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos
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