RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ribophorin II (RPN2) is a highly conserved glycoprotein involved in the N-linked glycosylation of multiple proteins. RPN2 was reported to be associated with malignant phenotype in several tumors. However, the function of RPN2 in bladder cancer (BCa) remains unclear. METHODS: Expression of RPN2 in BCa and adjacent tissues was compared by bioinformatics analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. qRT-PCR was performed to explore the correlation between RPN2 expression and various clinical features in 38 patients. We assessed the effects of RPN2 on the biological activity of BCa both in vitro and in vivo, and explored its potential mechanisms based on gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS: We found that RPN2 was highly expressed in human BCa compared with normal adjacent tissues. There was a significant positive correlation between higher RPN2 mRNA levels and tumor T stage, lymph node (LN) metastasis and the degree of pathological differentiation in 38 patients with BCa. We further demonstrated that RPN2 silencing inhibited the growth and metastasis of BCa both in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting revealed that RPN2 knockdown suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibited the PI3K-Akt pathway. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that RPN2 functions as an oncogene to promote tumor development and is a promising prognostic factor and therapeutic target in BCa.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: To explore the effects of immunotherapy and tumour treatment on patients with GABABR encephalitis, evaluate the correlation between immune cell subsets and disease activity, and investigate effective prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis were enrolled from December 2015 to April 2020. The clinical data, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, prognosis and percentage of serum lymphocytes were recorded. RESULTS: All patients received first-line immunotherapy. The median mRS scores were 4 and 3 before and after first-line immunotherapy (P<0.01). Seven patients received second-line immunotherapy and had median mRS scores of 3 and 2 before and after second-line immunotherapy (P=0.015). Small-cell lung cancer was detected in twelve patients. Among the patients who died because of tumours, patients who received tumour treatment lived longer than patients who did not receive tumour treatment (P=0.025). All four surviving patients who received tumour treatment had good outcomes (mRS≤2). The median serum CD19+B cell percentage in sixteen patients were 20.00% and 13.42% prior first-line immunotherapy and at the last follow-up (P<0.01). After a maximum follow-up of 54 months (median: 12; range: 3-54), eleven patients (55%) had a poor prognosis (mRS>2). Predictors of a poor prognosis were older age (P=0.031), delayed initial improvement after immunotherapy (>4 weeks) (P=0.038) and respiratory failure (P=0.038). CONCLUSION: Aggressive immunotherapy and tumour treatment contribute to improvements in neurological function and a better prognosis of patients with GABABR encephalitis. The serum CD19+B cell percentage may be an indicator of disease activity. Older age, delayed initial improvement after immunotherapy, and respiratory failure may be associated with poor outcomes.
