The significance of parental mentalizing for four-year-old children's solitary pretend play.

BACKGROUND: Pretend play is a signature behavior of early childhood and is considered to reflect the child's emerging symbolic function, enabling the interpretation of social signals, language development, and emotion understanding. While theory links parental mentalizing with children's pretend play, only a few studies have investigated this association. These studies are limited to infancy and early toddlerhood, and child pretend play is assessed during play with an adult (social play). Based on the assumption that child solitary pretend play reflects the child's 'baseline' pretend play ability, in this study, we investigated children's pretend play at its peak, i.e., during the preschool age, without the facilitation of another player. The overall objective was to investigate if parental mentalizing increases pretend play complexity in children. METHODS: The sample consisted 99 Danish mothers and their 4-year-old children. Employing a cross-sectional design, we hypothesized that parental mental state language, as an indicator of 'online' mentalizing during interaction with the child, is a mechanism through which 'offline' mentalizing, measured as parental reflective functioning, is associated with child solitary pretend play. Child pretend play complexity was observed and coded with an adapted version of the 12-Step Play Scale. Maternal offline mentalizing was assessed with the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, and maternal online mentalizing was assessed by coding the mothers' mental state language during interaction with the child using a modified version of the mind-mindedness coding scheme. RESULTS: While there was no direct effect of maternal offline reflective functioning on child pretend play, online mental state language mediated the link between offline maternal reflective functioning and child pretend play. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the theoretically assumed link between parental mentalizing and children's capacity for pretend play. Furthermore, our study contributes to the literature on parental mentalization, suggesting that parental mentalizing facilitates child development only if the parent can translate this ability into 'mentalizing in action'.

The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Infant version in fathers of infants and association with paternal postpartum mental health.

The parents' capacity to reflect upon the psychological processes in their child, termed parental reflective functioning (PRF) can be impaired by parental mental health problems. The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of an infant version of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ-I) in a low-risk sample of 259 Danish fathers of 1-11-month-old infants to investigate measurement invariance of the PRFQ-I between fathers and mothers; and to examine the association between PRF and paternal depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and parenting stress. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor model of the PRFQ-I. Multi-group factor analysis indicated partial measurement invariance. Multiple linear regressions showed that paternal depressive symptoms were not associated with PRF. There was an interaction effect of paternal depressive symptoms and general psychological distress on paternal interest and curiosity in their infant's mental state and certainty of infant mental state. Increased parenting stress was associated with impaired PRF on all three subscales of the PRFQ-I. These results provide further evidence for a multidimensional, brief assessment of paternal reflective skills and insight into how variability in paternal psychological functioning relates to impaired PRF in the postpartum period.

La capacidad de los progenitores de reflexionar sobre los procesos sicológicos en sus niños, a lo cual se le denomina funcionamiento reflexivo de los progenitores (PRF), puede ser debilitado por los problemas de salud mental de los progenitores. El presente estudio se propuso investigar la estructura de factores de una versión infantil del Cuestionario de Funcionamiento Reflexivo de los Progenitores (PRFQ-I) en un grupo muestra de bajo riesgo de 259 papás daneses de infantes de 1-11 meses de nacidos para investigar la invariabilidad de las medidas del PRFO-I entre papás y mamás; y para examinar la asociación entre PRF y los síntomas depresivos paternos, la angustia sicológica y el estrés de crianza. Los confirmatorios análisis de factores apoyaron un modelo de tres factores del PRFQ-I. Los análisis de factores de multigrupos indicaron la parcial invariabilidad de las medidas. Regresiones múltiples lineales mostraron que los síntomas depresivos paternos no estaban asociados con PRF. Se dio un efecto de interacción de los síntomas depresivos paternos y la angustia sicológica general sobre el interés y la curiosidad paternas en cuanto al estado mental de sus infantes, así como la certeza en cuanto al estado mental infantil. Se asoció el aumento de estrés de crianza con un debilitado PRF en todas las tres subescalas del PRFQ-I. Estos resultados proveen evidencia adicional para una evaluación multidimensional, breve, de las habilidades reflexivas del progenitor e información acerca de cómo la variabilidad en el funcionamiento sicológico paterno se relaciona con el debilitado PRF en el período posterior al parto.

La capacité des parents à réfléchir aux processus psychologiques chez leur enfant, appelée fonctionnement de réflexion parentale (PRF en anglais) peut être compromise par des problèmes de santé mentale parentale. Cette étude s'est donné pour but d'étudier le facteur de structure d'une version nourrisson du Questionnaire de Fonctionnement de Réflexion Parentale (abrégé en anglais PRFQ-I) chez un échantillon à faible risque de 259 pères danois de bébé de 1-11 mois pour étudier l'invariance de mesure du PRFQ-I entre les pères et les mères; et pour examiner le lien entre le PRF et les symptômes dépressifs paternels, la détresse psychologique, et le stress de parentage. Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire a soutenu le modèle à trois facteurs du PRFQ-I. Une analyse factorielle multi-groupes a indiqué une invariance de mesure partielle. De multiples régressions linéaires ont montré que les symptômes dépressifs paternels n'étaient pas liés au PRF. On a noté un effet d'interaction des symptômes dépressifs paternels et de la détresse psychologique générales sur l'intérêt paternel et la curiosité pour l'état mental de leur bébé et la certitude de l'état mental du bébé. Le stress de parentage accru était lié à un PRF altéré sur toutes les trois sous-échelles du PRFQ-I. Ces résultats offrent une justification pour une évaluation brève et pluridimensionnelle des compétences de réflexion paternelles et un aperçu sur la manière dont la variabilité dans les fonctionnement psychologique paternel se rapporte au PRF altéré dans la période postpartum.

Promoting interactive skills and mind-mindedness among early childcare professionals: study protocol for a randomized wait-list controlled trial comparing the Circle of Security approach with care as usual in center-based childcare (the SECURE project).

BACKGROUND: In countries where the majority of young children are enrolled in professional childcare, the childcare setting constitutes an important part of children's caregiving environment. Research consistently shows that particularly the quality of the daily interactions and relationship between young children and their professional caregivers have long-term effects on a range of developmental child outcomes. Therefore, professional caregivers' capacity for establishing high quality interactions with the children in their care is an important target of intervention. METHODS: A prospective, parallel, cluster-randomized wait-list controlled trial is used to test the efficacy of the attachment- and mentalization theory informed Circle of Security (COS) approach adapted to the childcare setting (COS-Classroom) on caregiver interactive skills and mind-mindedness. Participants are professional caregivers of children aged 0-2.9 years working in center-based childcare in Denmark. Approximately 31 childcare centers, corresponding to an estimated 113 caregivers, are expected to participate. The primary outcome is caregiver Sensitive responsiveness measured with the Caregiver Interactive Profile Scales (CIP-scales). Secondary outcomes include caregiver Mind-mindedness, the five remaining CIP-scales (Respect for autonomy, Structure and limit setting, Verbal communication, Developmental stimulation, and Fostering positive peer interactions), and caregivers' resources to cope with work-related stress. Data on structural factors (e.g., staff stability, caregiver-child ratio, and level of pre-service education), caregiver attachment style, acceptability and feasibility of the COS-C together with qualitative data on how the participants experience the COS-C is additionally collected to investigate moderating and confounding effects. DISCUSSION: Examining the effectiveness of the COS-C in center-based childcare contributes to the knowledge of evidence-based intervention programs and can potentially improve the caregiver quality early childcare. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04654533. Prospectively registered December 4, 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04654533 .

Can the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale-3A be used to screen for anxiety?

BACKGROUND: Anxiety in the ante- and postnatal period is prevalent, often co-occurs with depression, and can have adverse consequences for the infant. Therefore, perinatal mental health screening programs should not only focus on depression but also on detecting anxiety. However, in many already implemented perinatal screening programs, adding extra screening instruments is not feasible. We examine the utility of a subscale of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) consisting of items 3, 4, and 5 (EPDS-3A) for detecting anxiety in new mothers. METHODS: We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the presence of the EPDS-3A found in a previous study (n = 320) where exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used. For the CFA we used a sample of new mothers (n = 442) with children aged 2-11 months recruited from the same population from which mothers for the previous study was recruited. Three models were tested and compared. Receiver operating characteristics of the EPDS-3A were investigated in relation to anxiety caseness status on the combined sample (N = 762). Sample weighing was used to match the dataset to the target population. Cross tabulation was used to investigate the proportion of anxiety cases identified by the EPDS-3A above those identified with the total EPDS. RESULTS: The presence of the EPDS-3A was confirmed. An EFA-driven, two-dimensional 7-item model showed the best data fit with one factor representing the anxiety subscale consisting of items 3, 4, and 5. An EPDS-3A score of ≥ 5 was the most optimal for identifying cases of anxiety (sensitivity: 70.9; specificity: 92.2; AUC: 0.926). Further, we found that the EPDS-3A identifies an additional 2.5% of anxiety cases that would not have been identified with the total EPDS. CONCLUSIONS: The EPDS-3A can be used as a time-efficient screening for possible anxiety in ante- and postnatal mothers. However, adding the EPDS-3A to routine screening with the total EPDS does not lead to a substantial increase in the number of women identified. In line with previous studies, this study confirms that the EPDS identifies anxiety in addition to depression. Therefore, assessment and treatment adjusted to the specific emotional difficulties is imperative.