Predicting the effect of steroids on membrane biophysical properties based on the molecular structure.

The relationship between sterol structure and the resulting effects on membrane physical properties is still unclear, owing to the conflicting results found in the current literature. This study presents a multivariate analysis describing the physical properties of 83 steroid membranes. This first structure-activity analysis supports the generally accepted physical effects of sterols in lipid bilayers. The sterol chemical substituents and the sterol/phospholipid membrane physical properties were encoded by defining binary variables for the presence/absence of those chemical substituents in the polycyclic ring system and physical parameters obtained from phospholipid mixtures containing those sterols. Utilizing Principal Coordinates Analysis, the steroid population was grouped into five well-defined clusters according to their chemical structures. An examination of the membrane activity of each sterol structural cluster revealed that a hydroxyl group at C3 and an 8-10 carbon isoalkyl side-chain at C17 are mainly present in membrane active sterols having rigidifying, molecular ordering/condensing effects and/or a raft promoting ability. In contrast, sterol chemical structures containing a keto group at C3, a C4-C5-double bond, and polar groups or a short alkyl side-chain at C17 (3 to 7 atoms) are mostly found in sterols having opposite effects. Using combined multivariate approaches, it was concluded that the most important structural determinants influencing the physical properties of sterol-containing mixtures were the presence of an 8-10 carbon C17 isoalkyl side-chain, followed by a hydroxyl group at C3 and a C5-C6 double bond. Finally, a simple Logistic Regression model predicting the dependence of membrane activity on sterol chemical structure is proposed.

Statistical analysis of high-resolution light microscope images reveals effects of cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs on the membrane organization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Extensive evidence supports the notion that the cytoskeleton participates in the immobilization and membrane clustering of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. Stimulated emission depletion fluorescence microscopy has revealed the supramolecular organization of AChR nanoclusters at the surface of CHO-K1/A5 cells with subdiffraction resolution (Kellner et al., Neuroscience 144:135-143 2007). We studied the effect of two cytoskeletal-disrupting drugs (cytochalasin D and jasplakinolide) on the nanoscale distribution of muscle-type AChR expressed in these cells by means of mathematical and statistical analysis of images obtained with the same high-resolution microscopy. AChR nanoclusters were found to be randomly distributed in both controls and cells treated with either drug for distances larger than 500 nm. Treatments altered the distribution of AChR nanoclusters according to their brightness/size. Cytochalasin D and jasplakinolide produced a statistically significant increase in the proportion of medium-size nanoclusters and a diminution of small nanoclusters, indicating higher disrupting activity on the latter. This was further corroborated by the diminution of the brightness/diameter ratio of nanoclusters (a measure of the intracluster density of AChR molecules) and by Ripley's analysis applied to simulated patterns with intracluster aggregation of AChR molecules. The combined analytical tools bring out subtle changes in the two-dimensional organization of the AChR nanoaggregates on disruption of the cytoskeletal network and throw light on the possible link between the cytoskeleton and the distribution of the AChR at the cell surface.

Resolution of complex fluorescence spectra of lipids and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by multivariate analysis reveals protein-mediated effects on the receptor's immediate lipid microenvironment.

Analysis of fluorescent spectra from complex biological systems containing various fluorescent probes with overlapping emission bands is a challenging task. Valuable information can be extracted from the full spectra, however, by using multivariate analysis (MA) of measurements at different wavelengths. We applied MA to spectral data of purified Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein reconstituted into liposomes made up of dioleoylphosphatidic acid (DOPA) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) doped with two extrinsic fluorescent probes (NBD-cholesterol/pyrene-PC). Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was observed between the protein and pyrene-PC and between pyrene-PC and NBD-cholesterol, leading to overlapping emission bands. Partial least squares analysis was applied to fluorescence spectra of pyrene-PC in liposomes with different DOPC/DOPA ratios, generating a model that was tested by an internal validation (leave-one-out cross-validation) and was further used to predict the apparent lipid molar ratio in AChR-containing samples. The values predicted for DOPA, the lipid with the highest Tm, indicate that the protein exerts a rigidifying effect on its lipid microenvironment. A similar conclusion was reached from excimer formation of pyrene-PC, a collisional-dependent phenomenon. The excimer/monomer ratio (E/M) at different DOPC/DOPA molar ratios revealed the restricted diffusion of the probe in AChR-containing samples in comparison to pure lipid samples devoid of protein. FRET from the AChR (donor) to pyrene-PC (acceptor) as a function of temperature was found to increase with increasing temperature, suggesting a shorter distance between AChR and pyrene PC. Taken together, the results obtained by MA on complex spectra indicate that the AChR rigidifies its surrounding lipid and prefers DOPA rather than DOPC in its immediate microenvironment. PACS Codes: 32.50.+d, 33.50.Dq.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor induces lateral segregation of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine in reconstituted membranes.

Purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) protein was reconstituted into synthetic lipid membranes having known effects on receptor function in the presence and absence of cholesterol (Chol). The phase behavior of a lipid system (DPPC/DOPC) possessing a known lipid phase profile and favoring nonfunctional, desensitized AChR was compared with that of a lipid system (POPA/POPC) containing the anionic phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA), which stabilizes the functional resting form of the AChR. Fluorescence quenching of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) extrinsic fluorescence and AChR intrinsic fluorescence by a nitroxide spin-labeled phospholipid showed that the AChR diminishes the degree of DPH quenching and promotes DPPC lateral segregation into an ordered lipid domain, an effect that was potentiated by Chol. Fluorescence anisotropy of the probe DPH increased in the presence of AChR or Chol and also made apparent shifts to higher values in the transition temperature of the lipid system in the presence of Chol and/or AChR. The values were highest when both Chol and AChR were present, further reinforcing the view that their effect on lipid segregation is additive. These results can be accounted for by the increase in the size of quencher-free, ordered lipid domains induced by AChR and/or Chol. Pyrene phosphatidylcholine (PyPC) excimer (E) formation was strongly reduced owing to the restricted diffusion of the probe induced by the AChR protein. The analysis of Forster energy transfer (FRET) from the protein to DPH further indicates that AChR partitions preferentially into these ordered lipid microdomains, enriched in saturated lipid (DPPC or POPA), which segregate from liquid phase-enriched DOPC or POPC domains. Taken together, the results suggest that the AChR organizes its immediate microenvironment in the form of microdomains with higher lateral packing density and rigidity. The relative size of such microdomains depends not only on the phospholipid polar headgroup and fatty acyl chain saturation but also on AChR protein-lipid interactions. Additional evidence suggests a possible competition between Chol and POPA for the same binding sites on the AChR protein.

Steroid structural requirements for stabilizing or disrupting lipid domains.

In artificial membrane bilayers, saturated long acyl chain-containing phospholipids and cholesterol (Chol) interact to form more ordered domains than those in phospholipids with unsaturated or short fatty acyl chains. We have extended the fluorescence techniques of London et al. [Xu, X., and London, E. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 843-849; Xu, X., Bittman, R., Duportail, G., Heissler, D., Vilchezes, C., and London, E. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 33540-33546] to study the propensity of several steroids to form or disrupt such ordered lipid domains. Temperature-dependent fluorescence quenching and steady-state polarization of the extrinsic fluorescent probe diphenylhexatriene (DPH) in model membranes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (or sphingomyelin), a nitroxide spin-labeled phosphatidylcholine (12-SLPC), and a given steroid were combined to study the influence of the latter on (a) ordered lipid domain formation, (b) stabilization, and (c) the extension of the ordered lipid assemblies. The results of the two totally independent methods, fluorescence quenching by 12-SLPC and fluorescence polarization of DPH, show that all steroids examined, except for Chol and 25-hydroycholesterol, behave as lipid domain-disrupting compounds. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between the hydrophobicity of steroids and their ordered lipid domain-promoting activity. Comparison of the chemical structures disclosed some distinctive traits of ordered lipid domain-promoting steroids: (i) the presence of an isooctyl side chain bond at C17; (ii) the absence of carbons attached to C23 (i.e., C24-C27) in any of the other (domain-disrupting) steroids; (iii) the presence of a small polar group at position C3; and (iv) the absence of polar groups in the fused rings, with the exception of substitutions at position C3 in the A ring.