Implementation and Mental Health Outcomes of a Service Cascade Linking Child Welfare and Children's Mental Health Systems: A Case Study of the Gateway CALL Demonstration.

The mental health needs of children and youth involved in the child welfare system remain largely unmet. Service cascades are an emerging approach to systematizing mental health screening, assessment, and treatment referral processes. However, evidence is minimal and inconsistent regarding the effectiveness of such approaches for improving mental health service access and outcomes. In an effort to address this gap, this study presents a case-study of the implementation fidelity and treatment outcomes of the Gateway CALL service cascade. Study analyses involved longitudinal data collected as part of a larger evaluation of Gateway CALL. Specifically, descriptive and linear mixed model analyses were conducted to assess the implementation of service cascade components, and changes in mental health outcomes (behavior problems) among 175 children placed out-of-home during the study. Study analyses found that although fidelity was strong early in the service cascade, implementation began to break down once components involved more than one service system (child welfare, mental health). However, results also indicated that parent-reported child behavior problems decreased significantly over time, despite later cascade components being implemented with poor fidelity to the Gateway CALL service model. For children and youth involved in child welfare systems, service cascades like Gateway CALL have the potential to significantly improve both mental health service receipt and outcomes. To maximize the effectiveness of such approaches, later phases of implementation may require increased attention and support, particularly regarding processes and outcomes that cross child welfare and mental health service systems.

Implementing Triple P during the COVID-19 pandemic with families at risk for substance use.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have examined the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), yet few have considered its effectiveness during the twin challenges of the opioid crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the implementation of, and parenting outcomes associated with the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) in 13 counties in central Ohio. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The program was provided to parents who were at heightened risk for substance use. From July 2020 through June 2021, 890 parents received services from Triple P. METHODS: Parents completed pre- and post-test assessments of protective factors within their families and parenting behaviors. Parents also participated in qualitative interviews regarding their experiences in the program. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results were promising, with improvements seen in family functioning/resilience, nurturing and attachment, parental laxness, and parental over-reactivity. Parents reported positive experiences participating in the program and felt that their relationship with their child had improved. Despite the profound, recent challenges to parenting and service provision, Triple P continues to show promise as an approach to reducing child maltreatment. Expansion of Triple P to other areas may improve parenting behaviors and reduce child maltreatment among parents at risk for substance use.

Does mental health screening and assessment in child welfare improve mental health service receipt, child safety, and permanence for children in out-of-home care? An evaluation of the Gateway CALL demonstration.

BACKGROUND: Unmet mental health service needs among children in out-of-home care are sometimes attributed to poor assessments and referrals in child welfare. The Gateway CALL project implemented mental health screening, diagnostic assessment, and referral to treatment practices. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effectiveness of Gateway CALL for improving children's mental health service receipt, safety, and permanency outcomes. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants included 538 children (birth to 18 years) in out-of-home placements through a county-based child welfare agency over a 17-month period. METHODS: We compared the mental health service receipt, safety, and permanency outcomes for 175 children who received Gateway CALL with 175 children who received "services as usual" identified through propensity score matching. Participant demographics, safety, and permanency outcomes were drawn from child welfare administrative records, and mental health service visits and diagnoses were drawn from Medicaid billing records. RESULTS: Gateway CALL appeared to increase the number of mental health service visits children received (z = 2.14, p = 0.032), although not the likelihood of receiving services. In terms of child safety, children in Gateway CALL had a greater number of screened-in calls after the intervention than those in the comparison group [t(348) = -1.92, p = 0.03]; there were no differences in substantiations. There were also no observed effects on permanency. CONCLUSIONS: Despite systematic efforts to identify, assess, and refer children to mental health services through the Gateway CALL intervention, substantial unmet mental health service needs among children persisted. Results have implications for designing interventions that promote cross-system service access.