Spatial variability of metal pollution in groyne fields of the Middle Elbe--implications for sediment monitoring.

High spatial heterogeneity of physical and chemical sediment properties was observed in both horizontal and vertical directions of deposits in a groyne field of the Middle Elbe. The respective sediment cores were less polluted on the top compared to consolidated deeper layers, indicating a decreasing trend of contamination in the river basin. In contrast to water quality monitoring, the impact of the large Elbe flood in 2002 was still visible in the deeper layers (5-30 cm) of the groyne field sediments six years after the event. Due to the fact that the environmental risk increases with erosion potential of discharge and contamination level of sediments, monitoring for environmental risk must capture not only surface sediments but also deeper layers up to an anticipated erosion depth.

The Yangtze-Hydro Project: a Chinese-German environmental program.

Water of good quality is one of the basic needs of human life. Worldwide, great efforts are being undertaken for an assured water supply. In this respect, one of the largest water technology projects worldwide is the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam in China. There is a need for extensive scientific and technical understanding of the challenges arising from this large hydrological engineering project. German and Chinese groups from various scientific fields are collaborating to provide knowledge for the sustainable management of the reservoir. In this project description, the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam Project, its goals and challenges, are described in brief, and the contributions of the German research projects are presented.

Erosion investigation and sediment quality measurements for a comprehensive risk assessment of contaminated aquatic sediments.

In this paper, an assessment strategy is introduced which allows one to evaluate the ecological hazard of contaminated sediments in connection with the risk of in-stream erosion. Special techniques for sediment sampling, non-intrusive density profiling, and depth related measurement of erosion are presented, which, in combination with ecological aspects, lead to a comprehensive risk assessment of fluvial sediments. The strategy was applied to a lock-regulated reach of the River Neckar in Germany. The spatial pattern of contamination in the river reservoir was found to be remarkably heterogeneous. At some sites, very high heavy metal concentrations were detected at the sediment surface. A sudden increase in contamination with depth at other sites could be attributed to an erosional unconformity. The critical shear stress of erosion for old contaminated sediments is higher than for recently deposited material. Nevertheless, during major flood events, bottom shear stress in the river exceeds the critical shear stresses of erosion of all sediments. Accordingly, there is a substantial risk that old contaminated sediment can be mobilised from the reservoir and transported downstream.

Effect of physical activity on skeletal integrity and its implications for calcium requirement studies.

A major task confronting those who establish calcium recommendations is the determination of a minimum level of calcium intake that will promote bone mineralization and/or reduce bone demineralization sufficiently to aid in the prevention of osteoporosis. The evidence reviewed here indicates that physical activity plays a primary role in the maintenance of skeletal integrity. Thus, to obtain data on calcium recommendations that are relevant to the general population, it is essential that calcium requirement studies use subjects whose physical activity profile is representative of the general population.