The generalized matching law as a description of multiple-schedule responding.

The literature was examined to determine how well the generalized matching law (Baum, 1974) describes multiple-schedule responding. In general, it describes the data well, accounting for a median of 91% of the variance. The median size of the undermatching parameter was 0.46; the median bias parameter was 1.00. The size of the undermatching parameter, and the proportion of the variance accounted for by the equation, varied inversely with the number of schedules conducted, with the number of sessions conducted per schedule, and with the time within a component. The undermatching parameter also varied with the operanda used to produce reinforcers and with the reinforcer used. The undermatching parameter did not vary consistently with component duration or with several other variables. Bias was greater when fewer rather than more schedules were conducted, when two rather than one operanda were used, and when White Carneaux rather than homing pigeons served as subjects. These results imply that the generalized matching law may describe both concurrent and multiple-schedule responding, but that the same variables do not always influence the bias and undermatching parameters in the same way for the two types of schedules.

A quality control analysis of aminoglycoside management.

Aminoglycoside administration practices were evaluated in a teaching hospital using three study methods: a chart review of 40 randomly selected patients receiving aminoglycosides was conducted retrospectively; 93 health care personnel involved in ordering and administering aminoglycosides to patients were interviewed regarding their understanding of aminoglycoside utilization practices; and ten patients having serum peak and trough aminoglycoside determinations were closely monitored for accuracy of dose administration and obtaining blood specimens at appropriate times. The chart review showed that during 15 of 32 evaluable therapy courses no determinations of serum aminoglycoside concentration were obtained. The survey demonstrated that only 24% of the residents actually used the results of peak and trough determinations to adjust dosage regimens. Direct observation of health care personnel disclosed only two of ten instances in which doses were administered and serum concentration specimens obtained with no apparent problems. Most personnel in our hospital were unaware of these pervasive suboptimal or inconsistent practices associated with aminoglycoside administration and interpretation of laboratory results.

Local rates of responding and reinforcement during concurrent schedules.

The literature was searched for information about the local rates of responding and reinforcement during concurrent schedules. The local rates of reinforcement obtained from the two components of a concurrent schedule were equal when a long-duration changeover delay was used and when many sessions were conducted, except when the two components provided different simple schedules. The local rates of responding were equal under some conditions, but they differed when one component provided a ratio and the other an interval schedule. Across schedules, local rates of reinforcement changed with changes in the schedule of reinforcement. Local rates of responding did not change with changes in change-over-delay duration but did with changes in the changeover ratio and with changes in the programmed rates of reinforcement. The results generally conform to the Equalizing and Melioration Principles and help to clarify current statements of the Matching Law. The results also suggest that changes in the local rates of responding and reinforcement may be orderly across schedules.