"I know what you did": Associations between relationship satisfaction and reported and suspected extramarital sex.

Although extradyadic sex has been repeatedly shown to be inversely associated with relationship quality, researchers have rarely evaluated partners' beliefs (or suspicions) of such behavior and the degree to which relationship quality varies as a function of suspected extradyadic sex. This study examined, in a United States probability sample of couples (National Couples Survey; N = 236 couples), the (a) prevalence of cross-tabulations of wives' and husbands' reports of their own history of extramarital sex (i.e., sexual intercourse) and their beliefs about their partner's history of extramarital sex having ever occurred in the couple's relationship, and (b) associations between reported and suspected extramarital sex and current relationship satisfaction. The prevalence of different combinations of spouses' reported history of their own extramarital sex and suspicions of their partner's history of extramarital sex are presented. Results indicated that both spouses' reports of their own history of and their suspicion of their partner's history of extramarital sex were significantly and inversely associated with wives' and husbands' relationship satisfaction. These findings underscore the importance of examining not only respondents' report of their own extramarital sexual involvement but also their beliefs about their partner's extramarital sexual involvement in future research on relationship and individual functioning outcomes associated with extramarital sex.

A longitudinal investigation of marital dissolution, marital quality, and generalized anxiety disorder in a national probability sample.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric disorder that is associated with high levels of distress and impairment. The present study was conducted to examine the 10-year longitudinal associations between marital dissolution, three measures of marital quality, and GAD among married participants from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey, a probability sample of American adults aged 24-74 years. Results indicated that GAD at baseline was significantly and positively associated with incidence of marital dissolution during the 10-year follow-up and marital strain (i.e., negative partner interaction) at baseline was significantly and positively associated with incidence of GAD at the 10-year follow-up. These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for demographic characteristics and neuroticism. In comparison, marital satisfaction and marital support (i.e., positive partner interaction) at baseline were not significantly associated with incidence of GAD, GAD at baseline was not significantly associated with any of the three measures of marital quality at follow-up, and marital dissolution during follow-up was not significantly associated with incidence of GAD. These findings suggest that negative interactions with one's partner may be a risk factor for GAD and that improving marital functioning may be important for the prevention and treatment of GAD.

A prospective study of marital distress and mental health symptoms across the deployment cycle.

Although recent findings imply that marital distress and mental health symptoms are intertwined among military personnel, a prospective longitudinal study is needed to evaluate the bidirectionality of the link between marital distress and mental health symptoms across the deployment cycle. We investigated over time associations using data from the Pre-Post Deployment Study component of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Married soldiers (N = 2,585) reported on their marital distress, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 1 month before deploying to Afghanistan and 3 months and 9 months after they returned home. The data were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models, adjusting for a variety of demographic and military covariates (including deployment stress, measured 1 month after homecoming). Results indicated (a) no associations between marital distress and mental health symptoms during the 13-month lag from predeployment to postdeployment, (b) bidirectional associations between marital distress and symptoms of anxiety and depression during the 6-month lag from 3 to 9 months after homecoming, and (c) a unidirectional association from PTSD symptoms to marital distress during the 6-month lag from 3 to 9 months after homecoming. These findings shed light on a lingering debate about the directionality of the longitudinal association between marital distress and psychopathology. They also imply points of intervention to help buffer military personnel from the harmful effects of marital distress and mental health symptoms across the deployment cycle. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Marital satisfaction as a potential moderator of the association between stress and depression.

BACKGROUND: Stress and marital dissatisfaction have been identified as risk factors for depression in separate lines of research. However, the interaction between stress and marital satisfaction in predicting depression over time has rarely been examined, despite the fact that marital satisfaction may weaken (i.e., buffer) the impact of stress on depression. This longitudinal study evaluated marital satisfaction as a moderator of the association between stress and depressive symptoms in a probability sample of American married adults. METHODS: Married respondents from Wave I and Wave II of the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) study (N = 1392) completed measures of marital satisfaction, stressful life events, and depressive symptoms at baseline and three-year follow-up. RESULTS: Marital satisfaction and stressful life events were significantly associated with depressive symptoms in cross-sectional analyses and uniquely predicted depressive symptoms three years later, controlling for prior depressive symptoms. However, marital satisfaction did not moderate the association between stressful life events and depression. A sensitivity analysis of data from Wave IV and Wave V of the ACL yielded similar findings, supporting the replicability of the results. LIMITATIONS: Broader assessment on stressful life events and assessment of perceived stress would provide a stronger test of the association between stress and depression as well as the degree to which this association is moderated by marital satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Attending to both stress and marital satisfaction may provide a more comprehensive understanding of risk for depression than exclusive focusing on either stress or marital satisfaction, which may have beneficial implications for preventing and treating depression.

Overlap of relationship distress and intimate partner violence in community samples.

Mixed-gender couples presenting for couple therapy are at 2-3 times higher risk for physical intimate partner violence (IPV) than community couples. However, it is unclear if this elevation of relative risk is the same in the general population because relationship distress and treatment-seeking are often confounded. We used archival data from three representative U.S. civilian samples and one representative U.S. Air Force sample to test the hypothesis that clinically significant relationship distress is associated with increased risk of various forms of IPV. In these community samples, those in mixed-gender distressed relationships were at 2-3 times higher risk than those in nondistressed relationships for any physical IPV during the past year and at 3-6 times higher risk for clinically significant psychological and physical IPV during the past year. Given that the increase in IPV risk is similar for individuals in distressed community relationships and therapy-seeking relationships, the prior findings of the elevated rates of IPV in clinical samples are unlikely to be due to therapy-seeking. Although epidemiological risk involves statistical, not causal, associations, the increased co-occurrence of IPV in distressed mixed-gender couples fits with numerous theories of IPV and has implications for both screening and future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Relationship dissolution and psychopathology.

Studies using probability samples have yielded cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between relationship dissolution and psychopathology, including depressive, anxiety, and substance use symptoms and disorders. The present review summarizes theory relevant to the association of relationship dissolution to psychopathology, discusses the time course over which postdissolution psychopathology may be most likely to manifest, and selectively reviews empirical findings regarding main and moderated associations between relationship dissolution and psychopathology. We conclude by acknowledging the need for continued study of the association between relationship dissolution and psychopathology, including research that rules out potential rival explanations (i.e., confounding variables) for this association and examines this association across cultures and types of intimate relationships (e.g., cohabiting relationships).

A dyadic analysis of relationship satisfaction and depressive symptoms among same-sex couples.

Sexual minority individuals experience depression at a disproportionately higher rate than their heterosexual peers. One predictor of depression is low romantic relationship satisfaction, and research on different-sex couples demonstrates that one's own and one's partner's levels of relationship satisfaction are negatively associated with one's own level of depressive symptoms (i.e., actor and partner effects, respectively). However, little research has explored partner effects of relationship satisfaction on depression in same-sex couples. Furthermore, little is known regarding the degree to which relationship satisfaction is associated with depression in same-sex couples, over and above their shared association with demographic characteristics and internalized heterosexism, a known correlate of both relationship satisfaction and depression. This study examined cross-sectional actor and partner effects of relationship satisfaction on depressive symptoms in a sample of 102 same-sex couples (68 female), and evaluated whether these effects were significant when adjusting for sex, relationship length, and internalized heterosexism. Multilevel analyses were conducted to estimate actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) effects for indistinguishable dyads. Results indicated that (a) there were statistically significant actor and partner effects for relationship satisfaction on depressive symptoms, such that higher levels of relationship satisfaction were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and (b) actor and partner effects for relationship satisfaction remained statistically significant when adjusting for sex, relationship length, and actor and partner effects for internalized heterosexism. Furthermore, there were statistically significant actor (but not partner) effects for internalized heterosexism on depressive symptoms, such that higher levels of internalized heterosexism were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Divorce, health, and socioeconomic status: An agenda for psychological science.

This brief review article discusses marital dissolution and health with a focus on two specific themes. First, we introduce and discuss the search for plausible causal pathways that link the end of marriage to distal health outcomes. Second, we suggest that the socioeconomic status disruptions that follow divorce represent a plausible causal pathway and emphasize the need for more psychological science in this area of study. Although there is substantial literature that demonstrates that divorced adults, especially divorced women, experience significant financial disruptions, the research in this area remains broad and largely the province of family sociology and demography. Research is needed to better understand adults' psychological and behavioral responses to changes in their financial situation after the end of marriage.

Diversity in the prevalence and correlates of extramarital sex in a probability sample of Latino adults.

Individuals from different Spanish-speaking countries are often combined into a single Latino group. However, this group is diverse, with immigrants and naturalized citizens coming from multiple countries. The present study was conducted to (a) examine potential differences in the annual prevalence of extramarital sex as a function of cultural group (Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, or other Latino) and nativity (born inside or outside the United States) and (b) identify explanations for any observed differences in the prevalence of extramarital sex, drawing on known correlates of extramarital sex and other psychosocial constructs that may be associated with cultural group or nativity that could account for such associations. Results from the National Latino and Asian American Study, a probability sample of Latinos in the United States, indicated that the annual prevalence of extramarital sex was significantly higher among (a) Puerto Ricans relative to Mexicans and (b) foreign-born individuals relative to those born in the United States. Probability of extramarital sex was significantly associated with marital satisfaction and frequency of religious attendance, but these variables did not account for the subgroup differences in the prevalence of extramarital sex. Marital adjustment, acculturation (English proficiency and use), enculturation (ethnic identity), and family cohesion were not significantly associated with probability of extramarital sex. Results underscore the need for continued research on understanding subgroup differences in the prevalence of extramarital sex within the diverse Latino community and identifying characteristics that account for such differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Genetically informative analysis of the association between intimate relationship adjustment and health.

OBJECTIVE: Prior research has found a positive association between the quality or adjustment of an individual's intimate relationship, such as marriage, and their physical health. However, it is possible that this association may be due, at least in part, to confounding variables (i.e., variables that are causally associated both with relationship adjustment and health and could account for their covariation), including genetically influenced confounds. This study was conducted using a genetically informative sample of twins to examine the association between intimate relationship adjustment and self-rated health, accounting for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounds. METHOD: A Swedish sample of 539 monozygotic and dizygotic twins (321 male twin pairs and 218 female twin pairs) and their spouse or long-term partner completed self-report measures of relationship adjustment and health. RESULTS: Relationship adjustment was positively associated with self-rated health in male and female twins. For male twins, nonshared environmental influences largely accounted for the association between relationship adjustment and health; for female twins, this association was generally explained by shared and nonshared environmental influences. For male twins, results obtained from partners' reports of relationship adjustment were largely consistent with those obtained from twins' reports. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the association between relationship adjustment and self-rated health remains after accounting for shared genetic influences, and that nonshared environmental influences, such as partners' characteristics, account for the association between relationship adjustment and self-rated health in men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Marital dissolution, marital discord, and C-reactive protein: Results from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammation is one biological pathway through which marital dissolution and marital discord may increase risk for chronic disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the cross-sectional association between marital dissolution, marital discord, and C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of inflammation, in a probability sample of Irish adults aged 50 years or older. METHOD: Data were drawn from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine (a) the association between marital dissolution and CRP values (N = 2,545), (b) the association between marital discord and CRP values (N = 1,949), and (c) whether these associations were moderated by gender. Subsequent models adjusted for demographic characteristics and health variables. RESULTS: With respect to marital dissolution, individuals who were separated or divorced had significantly higher CRP relative to married individuals. With respect to marital discord, gender significantly moderated the association between marital discord and CRP, such that marital discord was significantly and positively associated with CRP for men, whereas this association was not statistically significant for women. Results for marital dissolution and marital discord remained statistically significant when adjusting for demographic characteristics and health variables. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies to document a significant cross-sectional association between marital dissolution, marital discord, and CRP, incremental to demographic and health covariates, in a non-American probability sample. Results indicate that inflammation may be one pathway by which marital dissolution and marital discord contribute to risk for disease and early death. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Intimate Relationships and Depression: Searching for Causation in the Sea of Association.

This article provides a critical review of existing research on intimate (marriage or marriage-like) relationship distress and risk for depression. Using the meta-framework of research triangulation, we seek to synthesize research evidence across several different methodologies and study designs and to draw the most reliable conclusion regarding a potential causal association between relationship distress and depression. Focusing on existing correlational (i.e., observational), genetically informed, and intervention (i.e., experimental) research on the association between relationship distress and depression, we conclude that the existing body of research evidence supports the claim that relationship distress is a causal risk factor for depression. A secondary aim of the article is to highlight a variety of effective methods that, when viewed from the perspective of triangulation, enhance the pursuit of causal inference, including propensity score matching, target trial emulation, directed acyclic graph approach, and Mendelian randomization.

A cross-cultural examination of pleasant events and depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between pleasant or reinforcing activities (as they relate to the behavioral theory of depression) and depressive symptoms across cultures. METHODS: We tested for differences in the strength of association between pleasant events and depressive symptoms in probability samples of adults from the United States (N = 619) and Japan (N = 232). RESULTS: Results indicate that frequency, enjoyment, and obtained pleasure from pleasant events were significantly and negatively associated with depressive symptoms for both American and Japanese adults, and these associations were significantly greater in magnitude for American adults relative to Japanese adults. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that there is a cross-sectional association between pleasant events and depressive symptoms in both the United States and Japan, and that this association is stronger in the United States.

Associations Between Marital Discord and Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Cultural Analysis.

The objectives of this study were to investigate actor and partner effects of the association between marital discord and depressive symptoms in a sample of 4,779 couples from 11 European countries that were divided into three groups (i.e., Northern, Central, Southern Europe), and evaluate the potential gender and cross-cultural invariance of this association. Actor-partner interdependence models were used to analyze the cross-sectional associations between self-reported perceived marital conflict and depressive symptoms. Marital conflict was significantly and positively associated with self-reported depressive symptoms for husbands and wives (actor effects), as well as with partner-reported depressive symptoms (partner effects). Pooling across cultural groups, no significant difference in the magnitude of actor or partner effects based on gender was found. The magnitude of the actor effects varied across cultural groupings only for women: a significantly weaker association existed for women residing in Northern Europe relative to women in Central or Southern Europe. These results suggest that marital discord is a reliable correlate of depressive symptoms for European couples and that the magnitude of the positive association varies by culture for women. Should these results be replicated longitudinally, couple-based interventions may be indicated to reduce marital discord and prevent and treat depression in Europe.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron investigar los efectos en el actor y la pareja de la asociación entre el desacuerdo conyugal y los síntomas depresivos en una muestra de 4779 parejas de 11 países europeos que se dividieron en tres grupos (p. ej.: Europa septentrional, Europa Central y Europa meridional) y evaluar la posible invariancia intercultural y de género de esta asociación. Se utilizaron los modelos de interdependencia actor-pareja para analizar las asociaciones transversales entre el conflicto conyugal percibido y los síntomas depresivos autoinformados. El conflicto conyugal estuvo asociado considerable y positivamente con síntomas depresivos autoinformados para los esposos y las esposas (efectos en el actor), así como con síntomas depresivos informados por las parejas (efectos en la pareja). Al combinar los grupos culturales, no se encontró una diferencia significativa en la magnitud de los efectos en el actor o en la pareja sobre la base del género. La magnitud de los efectos en el actor varió entre grupos culturales solo en el caso de las mujeres: existió una asociación considerablemente más débil para las mujeres que viven en Europa septentrional respecto de las mujeres de Europa Central o Europa meridional. Estos resultados sugieren que los desacuerdos conyugales se correlacionan de manera fiable con los síntomas depresivos en las parejas europeas, y que la magnitud de la asociación positiva varía según la cultura en el caso de las mujeres. Si estos resultados se repitieran longitudinalmente, podrían indicarse intervenciones basadas en la pareja para disminuir el desacuerdo conyugal y prevenir y tratar la depresión en Europa.

Traumatic events and adolescent psychopathology in a United States national probability sample.

Objective: Exposure to traumatic events has been associated with psychiatric symptoms and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adolescents. This study was conducted to examine, in a U.S. probability sample of adolescents, the association between lifetime exposure to traumatic events and current (i.e., 30-day) severity of serious emotional disturbance (SED) using a brief screening measure commonly adopted for monitoring psychopathology in epidemiological surveys and community, educational, and clinical settings. Method: Data on lifetime prevalence of 17 traumatic events and a measure of SED (i.e., the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) was examined in the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement, a probability sample of 13-18-year-old adolescents (N = 10,106). Results: Sixty percent of adolescents reported experiencing at least one traumatic event, and the mean number of events reported was 1.3. Adjusting for demographics, 16 of 17 traumatic events were significantly and positively associated with SED, with traumas involving interpersonal violence having especially large effect sizes. The largest effect sizes were obtained for having been (a) badly beaten by date or romantic partner, (b) raped, and (c) badly beaten by parents or guardians. Fourteen of the traumatic events were significantly associated with SED when all 17 events were examined simultaneously, thereby providing evidence for the specificity of these associations. Conclusions: Results suggest that a broad range of traumatic events are uniquely associated with current severity of psychopathology in adolescents, using a measure commonly used in epidemiological surveys and community, educational, and clinical settings. Findings highlight the importance of traumas involving interpersonal violence for adolescent mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Love and war: Prospective associations between relationship distress and incidence of psychiatric disorders in active-duty Army personnel.

Research with probability samples of civilians has found that marital distress is associated with incidence of several psychiatric disorders. However, there is little longitudinal research on marital distress and incidence of psychiatric disorders in military personnel. This study examined the prospective association between marital distress and incidence of major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorder in a probability sample of active-duty soldiers from the U.S. Army (N = 934). Results indicated that among individuals who did not meet diagnostic criteria for the associated disorder at baseline, marital distress at baseline was associated with 30-day incidence of MDE, GAD, and PTSD assessed 5 years later. These results support continued research on the role of marital distress and the onset and course of psychopathology in active-duty military personnel and suggest that couple-based interventions designed to prevent or reduce marital distress may be effective in the prevention and treatment of psychopathology in military personnel. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal associations between rumination and depressive symptoms in a probability sample of adults.

BACKGROUND: According to the Response Styles Theory, rumination maintains and exacerbates depression. This study was conducted to examine the bidirectional longitudinal associations between rumination and depressive symptoms in a probability sample of Australian adults, evaluate the degree to which the strength of these longitudinal associations was moderated by gender, and test whether these longitudinal associations remained statistically significant when adjusting for the influence of demographic characteristics and neuroticism. METHODS: A probability sample of Australian adults (N = 5891) completed self-report measures of rumination, neuroticism, and depressive symptoms at baseline and rumination and depressive symptoms at a four-year follow-up. RESULTS: Results from regression analyses indicated that rumination predicted residual change in depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms predicted residual change in rumination, suggesting that rumination and depressive symptoms influence one another in a bidirectional, recursive fashion. Gender was not a significant moderator of the longitudinal associations between rumination and depressive symptoms. Analyses including the covariates of age, gender, and neuroticism, a personality trait characterized by heightened negative emotionality, indicated that the bidirectional longitudinal associations between rumination and depressive symptoms were not explained by their shared association with demographic characteristics or neuroticism. LIMITATIONS: Within-person analyses involving repeated assessments, shorter time intervals, and assessment of brooding rumination would provide a stronger test of the potential causal association between rumination and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that rumination may be both a potential risk factor for and a consequence of depressive symptoms in adults.

Measurement Invariance of the Ruminative Responses Scale Across Gender.

Although women demonstrate higher levels of rumination than men, it is unknown whether instruments used to measure rumination have the same psychometric properties for women and men. To examine this question, we evaluated measurement invariance of the brooding and reflection subscales from the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) by gender, using data from four samples of undergraduates from three universities within the United States (N = 4,205). A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis revealed evidence for configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the covariance structure of the 10-item version of the RRS. There were statistically significant latent mean differences between women and men, with women scoring significantly higher than men on both brooding and reflection. These findings suggest that the 10-item version of the RRS provides an assessment of rumination that is psychometrically equivalent across gender. Consequently, gender differences in brooding and reflection likely reflect valid differences between women and men.

Extramarital Sex and Marital Dissolution: Does Identity of the Extramarital Partner Matter?

Panel data from married adults (N = 1,853) in the General Social Survey, a probability sample of the adult household population of the United States, were used to evaluate (a) the longitudinal association between extramarital sex and marital dissolution 2 years later, (b) whether probability of marital dissolution differed as a function of the type of relationship people reported having with their extramarital sex partner, and (c) the degree to which these associations were incremental to participants' level of marital satisfaction at baseline. Compared to people who reported not engaging in extramarital sex, those who reported engaging in extramarital sex at baseline were significantly more likely to be separated or divorced 2 years later. Furthermore, the association between having extramarital sex with a close personal friend and marital dissolution was particularly strong. These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for marital satisfaction. Results suggest that the identity of the extramarital sex partner and the type of relationship a person has with him or her has important implications for probability of marital dissolution above and beyond the contribution of marital satisfaction.

Se utilizaron los datos de panel de adultos casados (N = 1,853) de la Encuesta Social General (General Social Survey), una muestra probabilística de la población de hogares de adultos de los Estados Unidos, para evaluar (a) la asociación longitudinal entre las relaciones sexuales extramatrimoniales y el divorcio dos años después, (b) si la probabilidad de divorcio difirió como una función del tipo de relación que las personas informaron tener con su pareja de relaciones sexuales extramatrimoniales y (c) el grado en el cual estas asociaciones aumentaron según el nivel de satisfacción matrimonial de los participantes al inicio del estudio. En comparación con las personas que informaron no tener relaciones sexuales extramatrimoniales, aquellos que sí informaron tener relaciones extramatrimoniales al comienzo del estudio tuvieron muchas más probabilidades de estar separados o divorciados dos años después. Además, la asociación entre tener relaciones sexuales extramatrimoniales con un amigo íntimo personal y el divorcio fue particularmente fuerte. Estas asociaciones continuaron siendo estadísticamente significativas después de ajustar teniendo en cuenta la satisfacción conyugal. Los resultados sugieren que la identidad de la pareja extramatrimonial y el tipo de relación que una persona tiene con ella repercuten considerablemente en la probabilidad de divorcio más allá del aporte de la satisfacción matrimonial.

Couples in arms: Marital distress, psychopathology, and suicidal ideation in active-duty Army personnel.

Although distress in intimate relationships such as marriage is positively associated with psychiatric symptoms and disorders and suicidal ideation in probability samples of the civilian population in the United States, relatively little is known regarding these associations in probability samples of active-duty military personnel. The present study evaluated the association between marital distress and past-30-day prevalence of psychiatric disorders (i.e., mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders) and suicidal ideation in a sample of 8,669 married active-duty soldiers in the U.S. Army who participated in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Results indicated that marital distress was significantly and positively associated with past-30-day prevalence of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder, as well as past-30-day prevalence of suicidal ideation. These associations were incremental to shared associations with demographics and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. The findings support continued research on the association between relationship distress and psychopathology in active-duty service personnel, and suggest the potential utility of adapting existing, evidence-based couple interventions for the prevention and treatment of psychopathology or relationship distress, currently in use in veteran and civilian settings, for use with active-duty military personnel and their partners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).