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1.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 110(6): 887-907, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26371400

RESUMO

Motivation has long been recognized as an important component of how people both differ from, and are similar to, each other. The current research applies the biologically grounded fundamental social motives framework, which assumes that human motivational systems are functionally shaped to manage the major costs and benefits of social life, to understand individual differences in social motives. Using the Fundamental Social Motives Inventory, we explore the relations among the different fundamental social motives of Self-Protection, Disease Avoidance, Affiliation, Status, Mate Seeking, Mate Retention, and Kin Care; the relationships of the fundamental social motives to other individual difference and personality measures including the Big Five personality traits; the extent to which fundamental social motives are linked to recent life experiences; and the extent to which life history variables (e.g., age, sex, childhood environment) predict individual differences in the fundamental social motives. Results suggest that the fundamental social motives are a powerful lens through which to examine individual differences: They are grounded in theory, have explanatory value beyond that of the Big Five personality traits, and vary meaningfully with a number of life history variables. A fundamental social motives approach provides a generative framework for considering the meaning and implications of individual differences in social motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record


Assuntos
Individualidade , Motivação/fisiologia , Personalidade/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
2.
Behav Brain Sci ; 37(3): 332-3, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24970454

RESUMO

Hibbing et al. use evolutionarily derived logic to suggest that political attitudes are related to responses to negative features of the environment. We suggest that the authors focus too narrowly on the negative and contend, instead, that a more comprehensive evolutionary approach focusing on people's responses to threats and opportunities will better account for variation in political attitudes.


Assuntos
Atitude , Individualidade , Modelos Psicológicos , Personalidade/fisiologia , Política , Humanos
3.
Psychol Sci ; 24(12): 2429-36, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24121414

RESUMO

Why does beauty win out at the ballot box? Some researchers have posited that it occurs because people ascribe generally positive characteristics to physically attractive candidates. We propose an alternative explanation-that leadership preferences are related to functional disease-avoidance mechanisms. Because physical attractiveness is a cue to health, people concerned with disease should especially prefer physically attractive leaders. Using real-world voting data and laboratory-based experiments, we found support for this relationship. In congressional districts with elevated disease threats, physically attractive candidates are more likely to be elected (Study 1). Experimentally activating disease concerns leads people to especially value physical attractiveness in leaders (Study 2) and prefer more physically attractive political candidates (Study 3). In a final study, we demonstrated that these findings are related to leadership preferences, specifically, rather than preferences for physically attractive group members more generally (Study 4). Together, these findings highlight the nuanced and functional nature of leadership preferences.


Assuntos
Beleza , Comportamento de Escolha , Doença/psicologia , Liderança , Política , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
4.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 105(6): 924-40, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23895267

RESUMO

How do economic recessions influence attitudes toward redistribution of wealth? From a traditional economic self-interest perspective, attitudes toward redistribution should be affected by one's financial standing. A functional evolutionary approach suggests another possible form of self-interest: That during periods of economic threat, attitudes toward redistribution should be influenced by one's mate-value-especially for men. Using both lab-based experiments and real-world data on voting behavior, we consistently find that economic threats lead low mate-value men to become more prosocial and supportive of redistribution policies, but that the same threats lead high mate-value men to do the opposite. Economic threats do not affect women's attitudes toward redistribution in the same way, and, across studies, financial standing is only weakly associated with attitudes toward redistribution. These findings suggest that during tough economic times, men's attitudes toward redistribution are influenced by something that has seemingly little to do with economic self-interest-their mating psychology.


Assuntos
Atitude , Orçamentos , Comportamento Competitivo , Economia , Relações Interpessoais , Adulto , Recessão Econômica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Política , Política Pública , Fatores Sexuais , Valores Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
5.
Psychol Sci ; 24(5): 715-22, 2013 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23545483

RESUMO

Diversification of resources is a strategy found everywhere from the level of microorganisms to that of giant Wall Street investment firms. We examine the functional nature of diversification using life-history theory-a framework for understanding how organisms navigate resource-allocation trade-offs. This framework suggests that diversification may be adaptive or maladaptive depending on one's life-history strategy and that these differences should be observed under conditions of threat. In three studies, we found that cues of mortality threat interact with one index of life-history strategy, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), to affect diversification. Among those from low-SES backgrounds, mortality threat increased preferences for diversification. However, among those from high-SES backgrounds, mortality threat had the opposite effect, inclining people to put all their eggs in one basket. The same interaction pattern emerged with a potential biomarker of life-history strategy, oxidative stress. These findings highlight when, and for whom, different diversification strategies can be advantageous.


Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Alocação de Recursos/métodos , Risco , Adulto , Atitude , Biomarcadores/urina , Crime/psicologia , Produtos Agrícolas , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Humanos , Investimentos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Classe Social , Estados Unidos , Adulto Jovem
6.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 103(4): 622-34, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22746673

RESUMO

Humans have perennially faced threats of violence from other humans and have developed functional strategies for surviving those threats. Five studies examined the relation between threats of violence and agreeableness at the level of nations, individuals, and situations. People living in countries with higher military spending (Study 1) and those who chronically perceive threats from others (Study 2) were more agreeable. However, this threat-linked agreeableness was selective (Studies 3-5). Participants primed with threat were more agreeable and willing to help familiar others but were less agreeable and willing to help unfamiliar others. Additionally, people from large families, for whom affiliation may be a salient response to threat, were more likely than people from small families to shift in agreeableness. Returning to the national level, military spending was associated with increased trust in ingroup members but decreased trust in outgroups. Together, these findings demonstrate that agreeableness is selectively modulated by threats of violence.


Assuntos
Agressão/psicologia , Processos Grupais , Relações Interpessoais , Personalidade , Percepção Social , Violência/etnologia , Adulto , Feminino , Produto Interno Bruto , Humanos , Masculino , Violência/economia , Adulto Jovem
7.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 103(2): 275-91, 2012 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22642483

RESUMO

Although consumer spending typically declines in economic recessions, some observers have noted that recessions appear to increase women's spending on beauty products--the so-called lipstick effect. Using both historical spending data and rigorous experiments, the authors examine how and why economic recessions influence women's consumer behavior. Findings revealed that recessionary cues--whether naturally occurring or experimentally primed--decreased desire for most products (e.g., electronics, household items). However, these cues consistently increased women's desire for products that increase attractiveness to mates--the first experimental demonstration of the lipstick effect. Additional studies show that this effect is driven by women's desire to attract mates with resources and depends on the perceived mate attraction function served by these products. In addition to showing how and why economic recessions influence women's desire for beauty products, this research provides novel insights into women's mating psychology, consumer behavior, and the relationship between the two.


Assuntos
Beleza , Cosméticos/economia , Recessão Econômica , Adolescente , Adulto , Comportamento do Consumidor , Recessão Econômica/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Financiamento Pessoal , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento/psicologia , Desemprego/psicologia , Estados Unidos , Adulto Jovem
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