Brain morphometry, T2-weighted hyperintensities, and IQ in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.

BACKGROUND: Larger gray matter (GM) volume in healthy children is correlated with higher IQ. Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have larger brains, their magnetic resonance images frequently show T2-weighted hyperintensities, and their IQs are lower. OBJECTIVES: To confirm the hypotheses that (1) children with NF1 have larger GM and white matter volumes, (2) the greatest volume differences are in the frontal and parietal regions and in children with NF1 with hyperintensities, and (3) GM volume is inversely related to IQ in children with NF1. DESIGN: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition IQ testing and measurement of cerebral volumes and hyperintensities in brain magnetic resonance images were performed on 36 children with NF1 and on 36 matched relatives who served as control subjects. RESULTS: Gray matter and white matter volumes were significantly larger in children with NF1. The greatest difference was observed in cerebral white matter volume, predominantly in the frontal lobes, whereas the greatest difference in GM volume was in the temporal, parietal, and occipital regions. In controls, IQ was significantly related to GM volume, but in children with NF1, IQ was not inversely associated with GM volume, although IQs of children with NF1 were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS: Children with NF1 do not have the normal relationship between GM volume and IQ. Larger GM volume in the posterior brain regions and larger white matter volumes in the frontal brain regions contribute to the larger brain volume in children with NF1.

Examining the association between parenting stress and the development of early childhood caries.

OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies have explored the effects of pediatric health on parenting stress, but very little work has been carried out to explore the opposite and equally as compelling relationship of how parenting stress might affect child health, especially as it relates to oral health. This study examined the association between parenting stress and early childhood caries (ECC) in 97, 4- to 5-year-old Australian children attending preschools in the North Brisbane Health Region, Australia. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, clinical examinations were conducted to evaluate the caries status of each child. Two caregiver questionnaires were completed -- one soliciting demographic and oral health behavior information, and the other, information on parenting stress. RESULTS: This study demonstrated a significant bivariate association between parenting stress and ECC experience as measured by dmft; however, the association did not persist in the two-part forward-selection logistic and linear regression models. A negative association between social desirability (defensive responding) and extent of caries was also determined. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the need to conduct longitudinal studies to give proper consideration to the temporal aspect of caries development and clarify the results obtained by on the relationship between parenting stress and oral health. Further study is also warranted to more clearly elucidate the association between social desirability (defensive responding) in parents and their children's ECC experience.