In vitro studies of hemoglobin's affinity for the Vitamin B9 and control of its stability character.

Vitamin B9, known as folic acid, and hemoglobin play an important biological role in the human body. This study was designed to investigate the nature of the complex through multispectroscopic methods at physiological conditions due to the lack of research on the binding interactions between folic acid and hemoglobin. Structural analysis showed that the interactions between the molecules are mainly hydrophobic with binding constant of 0.73 × 104 L/mol at 37 °C. The secondary structure of the protein was stable after the addition of folic acid with a 20-fold excess of ligand per mol protein. The stability effect of folic acid on hemoglobin was examined as a function of release of iron ions and determination of the level of phenanthroline-Fe2+ complex. The protective function of folic acid was observed at a concentration of 6.12 nmol/L, and the release of iron ions was lower than in the control probe.

Multi-element analysis of metals in human pathological and unchanged thyroid glands - pilot study.

Disturbances in the homeostasis of the elemental composition of thyroid tissue may have serious metabolic and health consequences. It is believed that the accumulation of some metals or the deficiency of others may even cause lethal tumours. Due to the fact that metallomics most often uses human serum to analyse macro and microelements as well as trace elements, it was decided to use material that is more difficult to obtain, but also adds credibility to the research - thyroid tissue samples biopsy. The experiments were conducted on 17 patients diagnosed with: nodular (10) and colloidal goitre (2), chronic thyroiditis (2), follicular adenoma (2) and papillary carcinoma (1). They were recruited by collecting a tumour fragment, control fragment and serum from each of them. The content of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was examined using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometers). Simultaneously, biochemical methods were used to determine the markers of inflammation, glycation and peroxidation: malondialdehyde, pentosidine, reactive free amine content, compounds with thiol groups and galectin 3 in the sera of the examined patients. Three statistically significant correlations were identified: Ca-Mg and Cu-Zn in control tissues (p < 0.05) and Cr-Mn in pathological tissues (p < 0.05). A comparison of individual groups of patients shows that there are some potentail tendencies to increase or decrease in the concentration of certain elements or markers of inflammation and glycation, therefore we discuss potential relationships between a given parameter and a thyroid disorder. The pilot study is an introduction to a deeper analysis aimed at tracing the pathomechanism of the development of thyroid diseases, so that the risk of developing these diseases can be effectively minimized.

Design, clinical applications and post-surgical assessment of bioresorbable 3D-printed craniofacial composite implants.

This study details the design, fabrication, clinical trials' evaluation, and analysis after the clinical application of 3D-printed bone reconstruction implants made of nHAp@PLDLLA [nanohydroxyapatite@poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide)] biomaterial. The 3D-printed formulations have been tested as bone reconstruction Cranioimplants in 3 different medical cases, including frontal lobe, mandibular bone, and cleft palate reconstructions. Replacing one of the implants after 6 months provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the post-surgical implant obtained from a human patient. This allowed us to quantify physicochemical changes and develop a spatial map of osseointegration and material degradation kinetics as a function of specific locations. To the best of our knowledge, hydrolytic degradation and variability in the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the biomimetic, 3D-printed implants have not been quantified in the literature after permanent placement in the human body. Such analysis has revealed the constantly changing properties of the implant, which should be considered to optimize the design of patient-specific bone substitutes. Moreover, it has been proven that the obtained composition can produce biomimetic, bioresorbable and bone-forming alloplastic substitutes tailored to each patient, allowing for shorter surgery times and faster patient recovery than currently available methods.

Characterization of Sm3+-activated carbonated calcium chlorapatite phosphors for theranostic applications: a comparative study of co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods.

Continuous efforts are ongoing to discover new luminescent materials with appropriate properties for applications in medicine, serving as theranostic agents for healing and bioimaging. In this paper, novel single-phase carbonated calcium chlorapatite (Ca10(PO4)5(CO3)Cl2, abbreviated as CaClAp-CO3) phosphors activated with varying concentrations of Sm3+ ions were successfully fabricated using both co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods to investigate the influence of the synthesis techniques on the physicochemical properties of these materials. The effects of doping concentration of Sm3+ ions and synthesis techniques on the structure, photoluminescence (PL), energy transfer, substitute sites, fluorescence lifetime and luminescence colour of phosphors were investigated. The synthesized phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm their crystal phase structure and purity. Vibrational features and the incorporation of carbonate ions were verified using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The obtained materials emit reddish-orange light, primarily from the most intense 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition. The electric dipole to magnetic dipole transition ratio (ED/MD), CIE colour coordinates and colour purity were determined to provide additional insights into the spectroscopic attributes of the obtained phosphors. In addition, the concentration quenching was also observed, and its mechanism was proposed based on theoretical calculations showing the multipolar interactions.

The Influence of Fluoride Gels on the Physicochemical Properties of Tooth Tissues and Dental Materials-A Systematic Review.

The aim of the presented systematic review is to update the state of knowledge and relate the properties and composition of fluoride gels to their potential application. This article aims to explore the effect of fluoride gel application on changes in the properties of dental biomaterials and tooth tissues. The review includes articles assessing studies on the effects of fluoride gel on dental tissues and materials. Employing the PRISMA protocol, a meticulous search was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, utilizing keywords such as fluoride, gel, and properties. The publications were selected without limitation by the year of publication, and then Cohen's κ test was used to assess the agreement of the respondents. Exclusion criteria included non-English studies, opinion pieces, editorial papers, letters to the editor, review articles and meta-analyses, clinical reports, studies lacking full-text accessibility, and duplicates. The quality of the chosen papers was assessed by two independent reviewers. A total of 2385 were located in databases, of which only 17 met the inclusion criteria. All publications showed increased surface mineralization, and seven studies showed the effect of fluoride gel on the surface of dental tissues. Three articles stated a negative effect of fluoride gels on titanium and stainless steel alloys and glass ionomer fillings. The effects on shear bond strength and plaque deposition require further investigation because the study results are contradictory.

Surface Functionalization of Titanium-Based Implants with a Nanohydroxyapatite Layer and Its Impact on Osteoblasts: A Systematic Review.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of a nanohydroxyapatite layer applied to the surface of titanium or titanium alloy implants on the intricate process of osseointegration and its effect on osteoblast cell lines, compared to uncoated implants. Additionally, the investigation scrutinizes various modifications of the coating and their consequential effects on bone and cell line biocompatibility. On the specific date of November 2023, an exhaustive electronic search was conducted in esteemed databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, utilizing the meticulously chosen keywords ((titanium) AND ((osteoblasts) and hydroxyapatite)). Methodologically, the systematic review meticulously adhered to the PRISMA protocol. Initially, a total of 1739 studies underwent scrutiny, with the elimination of 741 duplicate records. A further 972 articles were excluded on account of their incongruence with the predefined subjects. The ultimate compilation embraced 26 studies, with a predominant focus on the effects of nanohydroxyapatite coating in isolation. However, a subset of nine papers delved into the nuanced realm of its modifiers, encompassing materials such as chitosan, collagen, silver particles, or gelatine. Across many of the selected studies, the application of nanohydroxyapatite coating exhibited a proclivity to enhance the osseointegration process. The modifications thereof showcased a positive influence on cell lines, manifesting in increased cellular spread or the attenuation of bacterial activity. In clinical applications, this augmentation potentially translates into heightened implant stability, thereby amplifying the overall procedural success rate. This, in turn, renders nanohydroxyapatite-coated implants a viable and potentially advantageous option in clinical scenarios where non-modified implants may not suffice.

Highly cyto- and immune compatible new synthetic fluorapatite nanomaterials co-doped with rubidium(I) and europium(III) ions.

In the present study, biocompatible luminescent of nanosized fluorapatite doped with rubidium(I) (Rb+ ion) and europium(III) (Eu3+ ion) ions were synthesized via hydrothermal method. It was investigated the influence of co-doped Rb+ and Eu3+ ions on the structural, and morphological characteristics of the obtained fluorapatite materials. The characterization techniques utilized included: X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, to establish the influence of the co-doped Rb+ and Eu3+ ions on the luminescence properties of the lanthanide ion, emission excitation, emission spectrum and luminescence decays were measured. This confirmed a distinct red emission originating from Eu3+ ions and an increased emission lifetime. To determine the biocompatibility of the obtained fluorapatite compounds, in vitro studies using normal dermal human fibroblasts were performed. The results of these studies clearly demonstrate the remarkable biocompatibility of our compounds. This discovery opens exciting prospects for the use of synthetic fluorapatites doped with Eu3+ and Rb+ ions in various biomedical contexts. In particular, these materials hold great promise for potential applications in regenerative engineering, but also serve as innovative and practical solutions as bone scaffolds and dental implants containing nano-fluorapatite. Further discussion of these properties can be found in this article, along with a discussion of their importance and potential in the field of biomedical applications. However, according to our pervious study and based on our current investigations but also based on available scientific records, it was proposed potential molecular mechanism of Rb+ ions in the process of osteoclastogenesis.

Photothermal Conversion Efficiency of Silver and Gold Incorporated Nanosized Apatites for Biomedical Applications.

The aim of this research was to investigate the photothermal ability of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAp) incorporated with silver and gold. It was studied by using a recently developed technique evaluating the photothermal conversion efficiency. The heating performance of aqueous dispersions was examined under 445 and 532 nm excitation. The largest increase in temperature was found for the 2% Ag-nHAp and reached above 2 °C per mg/mL of sample (445 nm) under 90 mW laser continuous irradiation and an external light-to-heat conversion efficiency of 0.11 L/g cm. The obtained results have shown a new functionality of nanosized apatites that has not been considered before. The studied materials have also been characterized by XRPD, TEM, BET, and UV-Vis techniques. Finally, in this work, a new idea for their application was proposed: photothermal therapy.

Mechanism of Action and Efficiency of Ag3PO4-Based Photocatalysts for the Control of Hazardous Gram-Positive Pathogens.

Silver phosphate and its composites have been attracting extensive interest as photocatalysts potentially effective against pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of bactericidal action on cells of opportunistic pathogens. The Ag3PO4/P25 (AGP/P25) and Ag3PO4/HA (HA/AGP) powders were prepared via a co-precipitation method. Thereafter, their antimicrobial properties against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus (clinical and reference strains) were analyzed in the dark and after exposure to visible light (VIS). The mechanism leading to cell death was investigated by the leakage of metabolites and potassium ions, oxidative stress, and ROS production. Morphological changes of the bacterial cells were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM EDS) analysis. It has been shown that Ag3PO4-based composites are highly effective agents that can eradicate 100% of bacterial populations during the 60 min photocatalytic inactivation. Their action is mainly due to the production of hydroxyl radicals and photogenerated holes which lead to oxidative stress in cells. The strong affinity to the bacterial cell wall, as well as the well-known biocidal properties of silver itself, increase undoubtedly the antimicrobial potential of the Ag3PO4-based composites.

The isothermal Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy reduction affects survival of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of the effect of isothermal changes in entropy on a living organism. In greater detail, the effect of the reduction of the total Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy (S) of the aquatic environment on the survival rate and body mass of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The tests were carried out in standard thermodynamic states at room temperature of 296.15 K and ambient atmospheric pressure of 1 bar. Two variants of entropy reduction (ΔS) were tested for ΔS = 28.49 and 51.14 J K-1 mol-1 compared to the blind and control samples. The entropy level was experimentally changed, using the quantum system for isothermal entropy reduction. This system is based on quantum bound entanglement of phonons and the phenomenon of phonon resonance (interference of phonon modes) in condensed matter (Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and single crystals of Silicon (Si0), Aluminum (Al0) plates ("chips"), glass, and water). All studied organisms were of the same age (1 day). Mortality was observed daily until the natural death of the organisms. The investigations showed that changes in the Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy affected the survival and body mass of the fruit flies. On the one hand, the reduction in entropy under isothermal conditions in the aquatic environment for ΔS = 28.49 J K-1 mol-1 resulted in an extension of the lifespan and an increase in the body mass of female fruit flies. On the other hand, the almost twofold reduction in this entropy for ΔS = 51.14 J K-1 mol-1 shortened the lives of the males. Thus, the lifespan and body mass of flies turned out to be a specific reaction of metabolism related to changes in the entropy of the aquatic environment.

New silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite materials doped with silver ions as potential antifungal agents.

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatites (HAp) are widely used as medical preparations for e.g., bone replacement or teeth implants. Incorporation of various substrates into HAp structures could enhance its biological properties, like biocompatibility or antimicrobial effects. Silver ions possess high antibacterial and antifungal activity and its application as HAp dopant might increase its clinical value. RESULTS: New silicate-substituted hydroxyapatites (HAp) doped with silver ions were synthesized via hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure of HAp was investigated by using the X-ray powder diffraction. Antifungal activity of silver ion-doped HAp (with 0.7 mol%, 1 mol% and 2 mol% of dopants) was tested against the yeast-like reference and clinical strains of Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, Rhodotorula rubra, R. mucilaginosa, Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. Spectrophotometric method was used to evaluate antifungal effect of HAp in SD medium. It was shown that already the lowest dopant (0.7 mol% of Ag+ ions) significantly reduced fungal growth at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Increase in the dopant content and the concentration of HAp did not cause further growth inhibition. Moreover, there were some differences at the tolerance level to Ag+ ion-doped HAp among tested strains, suggesting strain-specific activity. CONCLUSIONS: Preformed studies confirm antimicrobial potential of hydroxyapatite doped with silver. New Ag+ ion-HAp material could be, after further studies, considered as medical agent with antifungal properties which lower the risk of a surgical-related infections.

Biocidal activity of multifunctional cuprite-doped anion exchanger - Influence of bacteria type and medium composition.

The study presents unconventional, bifunctional, heterogeneous antimicrobial agents - Cu2O-loaded anion exchangers. The synergetic effect of a cuprous oxide deposit and polymeric support with trimethyl ammonium groups was studied against the reference strains of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Biological testing (minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC), time- and dose-dependent bactericidal effect (under different conditions - medium composition and static/dynamic culture) demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity and confirmed its multimode character. The standard values of MBC, for all studied hybrid polymers and bacteria, were similar (64-128 mg/mL). However, depending on the medium conditions, due to the copper release into the bulk solution, bacteria were actively killed even at much lower doses of the hybrid polymer (25 mg/mL) and low Cu(II) concentrations in solution (0.01 mg/L). Simultaneously, confocal microscopic studies confirmed the effective inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on their surface. The studies conducted under different conditions showed also the influence of the structure and physical properties of studied materials on the biocidal efficacy and an antimicrobial action mechanism was proposed that could be significantly affected by electrostatic interactions and copper release to the solution. Although the antibacterial activity was also dependent on various strategies of bacterial cell resistance to heavy metals present in the aqueous medium, the studied hybrid polymers are versatile and efficient biocidal agents against bacteria of both types, Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Therefore, they can be a convenient alternative for point-of-use water disinfection systems providing water quality in medical devices such as dental units, spa equipment, and aesthetic devices used in the cosmetic sector.

Surface Photovoltage Response of ZnO to Phosphate-Buffered Saline Solution with and without Presence of Staphylococcus aureus.

Nano- and microscale zinc oxide (ZnO) exhibits significant potential as a novel antibacterial agent in biomedical applications. However, the uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms of the observed antimicrobial action inhibits the realization of this potential. Particularly, the nature of interactions at the free crystalline surface and the influence of the local bacterial environment remains unclear. In this investigation, we utilize ZnO particles synthesized via tunable hydrothermal growth method as a platform to elucidate the effects of interactions with phosphate-rich environments and differentiate them from those with bacteria. This is achieved using the time- and energy-dependent surface photovoltage (SPV) to monitor modifications of the surface electronic structure and surface charge dynamics of the ZnO particles due to these interactions. It is found that there exists a dramatic change in the SPV transients after exposure to phosphate-rich environments. It also presents differences in the sub-bandgap surface electronic structure after these exposures. It can be suggested that these phenomena are a consequence of phosphate adsorption at surface traps corresponding to zinc deficiency defects. This effect is shown to be suppressed in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Our results support the previously proposed model of the competitive nature of interactions between S. aureus and aqueous phosphates with the free surface of ZnO and bring greater clarity to the effects of phosphate-rich environments on bacterial growth inhibition of ZnO.

Imatinib-Functionalized Galactose Hydrogels Loaded with Nanohydroxyapatite as a Drug Delivery System for Osteosarcoma: In Vitro Studies.

This study reports an impact of structure (XRPD, FT-IR) and surface morphology (SEM-EDS) of imatinib-functionalized galactose hydrogels, loaded and unloaded with nHAp, on osteosarcoma cell (Saos-2 and U-2OS) viability, levels of free oxygen radicals, and nitric oxide, levels of BCL-2, p53, and caspase 3 and 9, as well as glycoprotein-P activity. It was investigated how the rough surface of the crystalline hydroxyapatite-modified hydrogel affected amorphous imatinib (IM) release. The imatinib drug effect on cell cultures has been demonstrated in different forms of administration-directly to the culture or the hydrogels. Administration of IM and hydrogel composites could be expected to reduce the risk of multidrug resistance development by inhibiting Pgp.

Nanofluorapatite Hydrogels in the Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Study of Physiochemical Properties and Fluoride Release.

The aim of this work was to prepare a new hydrogel based on nanohydroxyapatite (nFAP, 10% w/w) and fluorides (4% w/w), both of which are used as sources of fluoride ions in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity, and to characterize its physicochemical properties. The release of fluoride ions from 3 gels (G-F, G-F-nFAP, and G-nFAP gel) was controlled in Fusayama-Meyer artificial saliva at pH 4.5, 6.6, and 8.0. The properties of the formulations were determined by an analysis of viscosity, a shear rate test, a swelling study, and gel aging. Various methods, i.e., FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric, electrochemical, and rheological analysis, were used for the experiment. The profiles of fluoride release indicate that the amount of fluoride ions released increases with a decrease in the pH value. The low pH value facilitated water absorption by the hydrogel, which was also confirmed by the swelling test, and it promoted the exchange of ions with the surrounding environment. Under conditions similar to physiological conditions (at pH 6.6), the amounts of fluorides released into artificial saliva were approximately 250 µg/cm2 and 300 µg/cm2 for the G-F-nFAP hydrogel and G-F hydrogel, respectively. The aging study and properties of the gels showed a loosening of the gel network structure. The Casson rheological model was used to assess the rheological properties of the non-Newtonian fluids. Hydrogels consisting of nanohydroxyapatite and sodium fluoride are promising biomaterials in the prevention and management of the dentin hypersensitivity.

The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body-A Narrative Review.

Fluoride is one of the elements commonly present in the human environment. Due to its characteristics, it is very widely used in medicine, dentistry, industry or agriculture. On the other hand, its universality possesses a real threat to the human body in the form of acute and chronic poisoning. The aim of this paper is to characterize the properties of fluoride and its effects on the human body, as well as the sources of its occurrence. Particular emphasis is placed on the safety of its use and optimal dosage intake, which prevents accumulation and reduces its potential side effects. The positive effect of proper fluoride supply is widely described. In order to avoid overdose, it is best to consult a specialist to properly select the dosage.

Synthesis and Investigation of Physicochemical Properties and Biocompatibility of Phosphate-Vanadate Hydroxyapatite Co-Doped with Tb3+ and Sr2+ Ions.

Searching for biocompatible materials with proper luminescent properties is of fundamental importance, as they can be applied in fluorescent labeling and regenerative medicine. In this study, we obtained new phosphate-vanadate hydroxyapatites (abbr. HVps) co-doped with Sr2+ and Tb3+ ions via the hydrothermal method. We focused on examining the effect of various annealing temperatures (500, 600 and 700 °C) on the spectroscopic properties and morphology of the obtained HVps. To characterize their morphology, XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy and ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) techniques were used. A further study of luminescent properties and cytocompatibility showed that the obtained HVps co-doped with Sr2+ and Tb3+ ions are highly biocompatible and able to enhance the proliferation process and can therefore be potentially used as fluorescent probes or in regenerative medicine.

The Use of Lactide Polymers in Bone Tissue Regeneration in Dentistry-A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Different compositions of biodegradable materials are being investigated to successfully replace non-resorbable ones in bone tissue regeneration in dental surgery. The systematic review tried to address the question, "Can biodegradable polymers act as a replacement for conventional materials in dental surgery procedures?" (2) Methods: An electronic search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted in October 2022. The following keywords were used: (lactide polymers) and (hydroxyapatite or fluorapatite) and (dentistry) and (regeneration). Initially, 59 studies were found. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. (3) Results: These usually improved the properties and induced osteogenesis, tissue mineralisation and bone regeneration by inducing osteoblast proliferation. Five studies showed higher induction of osteogenesis in the case of biomaterials, UV-HAp/PLLA, ALBO-OS, bioresorbable raw particulate hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide and PLGA/Hap, compared to conventional materials such as titanium. Four studies confirmed improvement in tissue mineralisation with the usage of biomaterials: hydroxyapatite/polylactic acid (HA/PLA) loaded with dog's dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), Coll/HAp/PLCL, PDLLA/VACNT-O:nHAp, incorporation of hydroxyapatite and simvastatin. Three studies showed an acceleration in proliferation of osteoblasts for the use of biomaterials with additional factors such as collagen and UV light. (4) Conclusions: Lactide polymers present higher osteointegration and cell proliferation rate than the materials compared. They are superior to non-biodegradable materials in terms of the biocompability, bone remodelling and healing time tests. Moreover, because there is no need of reoperation, as the material automatically degrades, the chance of scars and skin sclerosis is lower. However, more studies involving greater numbers of biomaterial types and mixes need to be performed in order to find a perfect biodegradable material.

An in vitro examination of fluoride ions release from selected materials - resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Vitremer) and nanohybrid composite material (Tetric EvoCeram).

The aim of this study was to examine a short-term fluoride ions release from selected materials - resin-modified glass ionomer -Vitremer (3M ESPE) and nanohybrid universal composite - Tetric EvoCeram (IvoclarVivadent). Release of fluoride ions [µg/mm2 /h] from Tetric EvoCeram and Vitremer into nine environments (artificial saliva - AS, deionized water and 0.9% NaCl) differing in composition of the solution and pH was determined. Six samples were prepared for each solution. In the short-term study, the measurements were taken after 1, 3, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. The cumulative values as well as levels of fluoride ions released at concrete time intervals were compared. Within 7 days (168 hours), both materials showed variable levels of fluoride ions release. The highest value of fluoride ions release from nanohybrid Tetric EvoCeram material was reported in deionized water (8) after 24 hours (1.550 ± 0.014 [µg/mm2/h]) and the lowest value was read in the artificial saliva AS pH 7.5 (5) after 1 hour (0.022 ± 0.001 [µg/mm2/h]). What's more, the highest value of F- release from Vitremer was found in deionized water (8) after 168 hours of immersion (24.021 ± 2.280 [µg/mm2/h]) and the lowest value was in the artificial saliva AS (without Ca2+) pH 4.5 (6) (0.303 ± 0.249 [µg/mm2/h]) after 168 hours. Cumulated release of F- after 7 days was notably higher from resin- modified glass ionomer material - Vitremer in all artificial saliva solutions (1-7) which imitated the environment of oral cavity. Therefore, we can assume that Vitremer has better remineralization potential and it may constitute a more effective method of tooth decay prevention.