Effect of crude glycerol on in-vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics / Efeito do glicerol sobre a cinética da fermentação in vitro

The interest in using crude glycerol in animal feeds has reemerged due to its increasing availability and favorable price resulting from the expansion of biofuel industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting corn for crude glycerol at different levels in the diet on ruminal fermentation using in-vitro true digestibility parameters. The experimental treatments consisted of substituting corn for liquid crude glycerol (0; 4; 8 and 12%) in dry matter basis. Diets consisted of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% corn and glycerol substituted the corn in the diet. In addition to the 48 hours traditionally applied in digestibility assays, different in-vitro digestibility times were used (0; 4; 8; 16; 48, 72 and 96 hours) in order to study digestion kinetics. The dietary corn substitution for increasing crude glycerol levels did not affect ammonia nitrogen content, metabolizable energy content, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber, nor ruminal degradation parameters. However this by-product of biodiesel production may be tested in-vivo as an alternative energy feedstuff in ruminant diets.(AU)

O interesse na utilização da glicerina bruta na alimentação animal ressurge, devido ao aumento na disponibilidade e preço favorável, como conseqüência da expansão das indústrias de biocombustíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por diferentes níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta sobre a fermentação ruminal através da digestibilidade in vitro verdadeira. As dietas experimentais consistiram na substituição do milho por glicerol (0; 4; 8 e 12%) na matéria seca da dieta (MS). As dietas eram compostas por 60% de feno de alfafa e 40% de grão de milho e o glicerol foi adicionado, substituindo o milho nas dietas. Além de trabalhar com as 48 horas tradicionais, foram utilizados diferentes horários de digestibilidade in vitro (0; 4; 8; 16; 48; 72 e 96 horas), com a finalidade de estudar a cinética da digestão. A substituição do milho por níveis crescente de glicerina bruta na dieta não afetou a concentração de N-NH3, o teor de energia metabolizável, as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria orgânica da fibra em detergente neutro, bem como os parâmetros da degradação ruminal. Portanto, esse subproduto da produção do biodiesel deve ser testado in vivo como uma alternativa energética na formulação de dietas para ruminantes.(AU)

Effect of crude glycerol on in-vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics / Efeito do glicerol sobre a cinética da fermentação in vitro

The interest in using crude glycerol in animal feeds has reemerged due to its increasing availability and favorable price resulting from the expansion of biofuel industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting corn for crude glycerol at different levels in the diet on ruminal fermentation using in-vitro true digestibility parameters. The experimental treatments consisted of substituting corn for liquid crude glycerol (0; 4; 8 and 12%) in dry matter basis. Diets consisted of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% corn and glycerol substituted the corn in the diet. In addition to the 48 hours traditionally applied in digestibility assays, different in-vitro digestibility times were used (0; 4; 8; 16; 48, 72 and 96 hours) in order to study digestion kinetics. The dietary corn substitution for increasing crude glycerol levels did not affect ammonia nitrogen content, metabolizable energy content, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber, nor ruminal degradation parameters. However this by-product of biodiesel production may be tested in-vivo as an alternative energy feedstuff in ruminant diets.

O interesse na utilização da glicerina bruta na alimentação animal ressurge, devido ao aumento na disponibilidade e preço favorável, como conseqüência da expansão das indústrias de biocombustíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por diferentes níveis de glicerina bruta na dieta sobre a fermentação ruminal através da digestibilidade in vitro verdadeira. As dietas experimentais consistiram na substituição do milho por glicerol (0; 4; 8 e 12%) na matéria seca da dieta (MS). As dietas eram compostas por 60% de feno de alfafa e 40% de grão de milho e o glicerol foi adicionado, substituindo o milho nas dietas. Além de trabalhar com as 48 horas tradicionais, foram utilizados diferentes horários de digestibilidade in vitro (0; 4; 8; 16; 48; 72 e 96 horas), com a finalidade de estudar a cinética da digestão. A substituição do milho por níveis crescente de glicerina bruta na dieta não afetou a concentração de N-NH3, o teor de energia metabolizável, as digestibilidades in vitro da matéria orgânica da fibra em detergente neutro, bem como os parâmetros da degradação ruminal. Portanto, esse subproduto da produção do biodiesel deve ser testado in vivo como uma alternativa energética na formulação de dietas para ruminantes.

Composição mineral da casca proteinada de soja para alimentação de ruminantes / Mineral composition of protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants

Background: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classified as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientific studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism. Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefited soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experimental material. The samples of soybean protein hull were analyzed for, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt. It was also analyzed for fluorine, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and vanadium, minerals considered potentially toxic to feeding sheep. The mean values of Ca and P in PSH were 0.52% and 1.22% respectively. The average content of Mg found in the PSH was 0.19% and represents 63% of the amount of Mg present in soybean meal. The S content in CPS ranged from 0.22 to 0.29%, so the PSH is sufficient to meet the daily requirements of S for sheep in growing / finishing. The PSH showed high levels of Na (0.19%) and iron (16,414 mg / kg) and can cause problems of toxicity, if not provided in a balanced diet. However, the mean levels of Mn (40.29 mg / kg), Zn (61.07 mg / kg), Cu (14.29 mg / kg) and Co (1.15 mg / kg) were suitable for feeding sheep. Considered potentially toxic minerals to feeding sheep (F, Al, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and V), only the F and Al were detected, with values of 100 and 199.43 mg / kg, being within the limits considered toxic to sheep. Discussion: The industrial production process of protein soybean hull was homogeneous due to the small variation in the mineral levels analyzed in seven different batches. The P is an essential element in the diet of sheep that represents the greatest risk of environmental pollution, so the P content of the diet should be adequate for optimal animal performance with minimal environmental impact, but the greater concern in the PSH is related to the Ca: P ratio, because this ratio was less than 1:1 (0,52:1,22) and may affect the absorption of Ca or P, if the diet was not balanced properly. The iron was the only mineral and perhaps the most limiting nutritional potential of the PSH, due to its high concentration may cause problems of toxicity in sheep. The concentration of other minerals is within the maximum tolerable level for sheep. The toxicity of Iron can be better evaluated in animal experiments. In PSH samples analyzed, minerals with direct toxic potential or accumulation (heavy metals) have no major problems, since most of them were not detected in the analysis.

Avaliação do potencial nutricional da casca proteinada de soja para a alimentação de ruminantes / Evaluation of nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants

Background: The agro-industrial by-products constitute valuable sources of nutrients for animal production, however, assessing the potential for the use of by-products arising from the food industry is essential to minimize production costs and maximize production meat. For formulation of diets nutritionally viable, is of fundamental importance to know the nutritional value of foods. For this, one must determine the chemical composition, nutrient availability, concentration and availability of energy from food. The protein soybean hull is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through chemical studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull its utilization for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientific studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet. Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefited soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in chemical composition of experimental material, dried at 55°C in a forced air oven for 72 h and ground (Willey mill type) in screen of a millimeter. The samples of soybean protein hull were analyzed for dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, total carbohydrates, nonfiber carbohydrates, crude energy, crude fiber, neutral and acid detergent fiber. Protein quality was evaluated through levels of urease and protein solubility. The soybean protein hull showed high levels of dry matter (85.17 to 87.99%), representing a good potential for conservation of this by-product during storage. The high content of ash (8.13%) is possibly due to the presence of silica originating from the soybean hull present in the soybean protein hull. The crude protein content of 30.69% represents 68% of crude protein content of soybean meal. The ether extract (2.08%) is within the normal range for a constituent ingredient of feed for sheep. In the seven samples only one did not have appropriate value for non-fiber carbohydrates (4.3%) possibly necessitating supplementation of energy and undegradable protein in the diet of sheep. The energy concentration of the soybean protein hull determinates in calorimetric bomb was 4.2 Mcal/kg. For the levels of urease and protein solubility were obtained the average values of 0.02 and 35.41%, respectively. Discussion: The average value of neutral detergent fiber found in the soybean protein hull was 47.56% approximately 3.5 times the amount of soybean meal. The values of acid detergent fiber ranged from 34.68 to 38.27%. The protein soybean hull has 3.5 times more neutral detergent fiber, 68% crude protein and 58% of the metabolizable energy do soybean meal, can therefore be considered a roughage by-product and may be used for sheep diet in replace of soybean meal. The industrial production of soybean protein hull was quite homogeneous due to small variation in the different chemical constituents analyzed in the seven batches and the rates of protein quality can be better evaluated in animal experiments.(AU)

Avaliação do potencial nutricional da casca proteinada de soja para a alimentação de ruminantes / Evaluation of nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feeding ruminants

Background: The agro-industrial by-products constitute valuable sources of nutrients for animal production, however, assessing the potential for the use of by-products arising from the food industry is essential to minimize production costs and maximize production meat. For formulation of diets nutritionally viable, is of fundamental importance to know the nutritional value of foods. For this, one must determine the chemical composition, nutrient availability, concentration and availability of energy from food. The protein soybean hull is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through chemical studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull its utilization for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientific studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet. Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefited soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in chemical composition of experimental material, dried at 55°C in a forced air oven for 72 h and ground (Willey mill type) in screen of a millimeter. The samples of soybean protein hull were analyzed for dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, total carbohydrates, nonfiber carbohydrates, crude energy, crude fiber, neutral and acid detergent fiber. Protein quality was evaluated through levels of urease and protein solubility. The soybean protein hull showed high levels of dry matter (85.17 to 87.99%), representing a good potential for conservation of this by-product during storage. The high content of ash (8.13%) is possibly due to the presence of silica originating from the soybean hull present in the soybean protein hull. The crude protein content of 30.69% represents 68% of crude protein content of soybean meal. The ether extract (2.08%) is within the normal range for a constituent ingredient of feed for sheep. In the seven samples only one did not have appropriate value for non-fiber carbohydrates (4.3%) possibly necessitating supplementation of energy and undegradable protein in the diet of sheep. The energy concentration of the soybean protein hull determinates in calorimetric bomb was 4.2 Mcal/kg. For the levels of urease and protein solubility were obtained the average values of 0.02 and 35.41%, respectively. Discussion: The average value of neutral detergent fiber found in the soybean protein hull was 47.56% approximately 3.5 times the amount of soybean meal. The values of acid detergent fiber ranged from 34.68 to 38.27%. The protein soybean hull has 3.5 times more neutral detergent fiber, 68% crude protein and 58% of the metabolizable energy do soybean meal, can therefore be considered a roughage by-product and may be used for sheep diet in replace of soybean meal. The industrial production of soybean protein hull was quite homogeneous due to small variation in the different chemical constituents analyzed in the seven batches and the rates of protein quality can be better evaluated in animal experiments.

Avaliação da casca proteinada de soja em dietas para ovinos / Evaluation of soybean protein hulls in diets for sheep

Foi avaliada a utilização de cinco níveis de casca proteinada de soja (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16%) em substituição ao farelo de soja em dietas para ovinos em confinamento. Foram avaliados o desempenho, o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e os balanços energético e nitrogenado em função da dieta. Vinte cordeiros da raça Texel, com peso vivo médio inicial de 28 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A dieta foi composta de 30% de volumoso e 70% de concentrado. O farelo de soja dos concentrados foi gradativamente substituído pela casca proteinada de soja (CPS). O consumo de nutrientes, a conversão alimentar e o ganho de peso não foram influenciados pelo aumento do nível de inclusão da CPS na dieta. Os níveis de CPS também não influenciaram as digestibilidades da MS, MO, N (PB), FDN e EB e os balanços energético e nitrogenado.

The aim was to evaluate the use of five levels of soybean protein hulls (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%) in place of soybean meal in diets for sheep in confinement. We evaluated the performance, intake, nutrient digestibility and, energy and nitrogen balance in terms of diet. Twenty Texel lambs with an average weight of 28 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four replications. The diet consisted of 30% roughage and 70% concentrate. The soybean meal in the concentrates was gradually replaced by soybean protein hulls (SPH). Nutrient intake, feed-to-gain ratio and weight gain were not affected by increasing the inclusion level of SPH en the diet. SPH levels also did not influence the digestibility of DM, OM, N (CP), NDF and GE and the energy and nitrogen balance.