Porous organoclay composite for the sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pentachlorophenol from groundwater.

Complex mixtures of hazardous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil and groundwater can have severe and long-lasting effects on health. The evidence that these contaminants can cause adverse health effects in animals and humans is rapidly expanding. The frequent and wide-spread occurrence of PAHs in groundwater makes appropriate intervention strategies for their remediation highly desirable. The core objective of this research was to assess the ability of a clay-based composite to sorb and remove toxic contaminants from groundwater at a wood-preserving chemical waste site. Treatment efficiencies were evaluated using either effluent from an oil-water separator (OWS) or a bioreactor (B2). The effluent water from these units was passed through fixed bed columns containing either an organoclay composite or granular activated carbon. The sorbent columns were placed in-line using existing sampling ports at the effluent of the OWS or B2. Individual one-liter samples of treated and untreated effluent were collected in Kimax bottles over the course of 78 h (total of 50 samples). Subsequently each sample was extracted by solid phase extraction methodology, and pentachlorophenol (PCP) and PAH concentrations were quantitated via GC/MS. Columns containing porous organoclay composite, i.e. sand-immobilized cetylpyridinium-exchanged low-pH montmorillonite clay (CP/LPHM), were shown to reduce the contaminant load from the OWS effluent stream by 97%. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PCP were considerably reduced (i.e. >99%). An effluent stream from the bioreactor was also filtered through columns packed with composite or an equivalent amount of GAC. Although the composite reduced the majority of contaminants (including BaP and PCP), it was less effective in diminishing the levels of lower ring versus higher ring PAHs. Conversely, GAC was more effective in removing the lower ring PAHs, except for naphthalene and PCP. The effectiveness of sorption of PCP from the OWS effluent by the composite was confirmed using a PCP-sensitive adult hydra bioassay previously described in our laboratory. The findings of this initial study have delineated differences between CP/LPHM and GAC for groundwater remediation, and suggest that GAC (instead of sand) as the solid support for organoclay may be more effective for the treatment of contaminated groundwater under field conditions than GAC or CP/LPHM alone. Further work is ongoing to confirm this conclusion.

Biocompatible surfaces using methacryloylphosphorylcholine laurylmethacrylate copolymer.

Many materials used in the medical device industry were not originally developed for these applications. In general, these materials elicit adverse biologic responses when in contact with body fluids such as blood, and the mechanisms of the response of blood to an artificial surface are well characterized. Protein adsorption, platelet adhesion, and activation of the coagulation pathway can subsequently lead to thrombus formation with grave clinical consequences in the absence of anticoagulant. However, the use of anticoagulants can result in complications. In recent years various approaches for overcoming these problems by improvement of the biocompatibility of materials have been advocated. One approach is that of biomembrane mimicry, whereby the surface of a material is coated with a derivative of phosphorylcholine (PC). PC is the major lipid head group component found in the outer surface of biologic cell membranes. In this paper, the application of PC coatings to a range of materials is discussed together with characterization of the surfaces using in vitro biocompatibility tests. Studies of fibrinogen and platelet binding have shown significant reductions in adsorption of these components to various PC coated materials relative to uncoated controls. Materials tested, amongst others, include PVC, polyethylene, polycarbonate, and nylon. The stability of the PC coatings has been studied using radiolabeled derivatives. Results using several materials show that physiadsorbed PC coatings are extremely stable, thus making the coatings suitable for use in a wide variety of medical applications. Extensive biologic evaluations to assess the toxicologic profile of PC derivatives and coated devices have also been carried out and in all tests the materials have been shown to be nontoxic, thus making them suitable for human use. Ex vivo animal and human studies performed support the in vitro data.