The high strain-rate behaviour of selected tissue analogues.

The high strain-rate response of four readily available tissue simulants has been investigated via plate-impact experiments. Comparison of the shock response of gelatin, ballistic soap (both sub-dermal tissue simulants), lard (adipose layers) and Sylgard(®) (a potential brain simulant) allowed interrogation of the applicability of such monolithic tissue surrogates in the ballistic regime. The gelatin and lard exhibited classic linear Hugoniot equations-of-state in the US-uP plane; while for the ballistic soap and Sylgard(®) a polymer-like non-linear response was observed. In the P/σX-v/v0 plane there was evidence of separation of the simulant materials into distinct groups, suggesting that a single tissue simulant is inadequate to ensure a high-fidelity description of the high strain-rate response of complex mammalian tissue. Gelatin appeared to behave broadly hydrodynamically, while soap, lard and Sylgard(®) were observed to strengthen in a material-dependent manner under specific loading conditions at elevated shock loading pressures/stresses. This strengthening behaviour was tentatively attributed to a further polymeric-like response in the form of a re-arrangement of the molecular chains under loading (a steric effect). In addition, investigation of lateral stress data from the literature showed evidence of operation of a material-independent strengthening mechanism when these materials were stressed above 2.5-3.0GPa, tentatively linked to the generically polymeric-like underlying microstructure of the simulants under consideration.

On the effects of lateral gauge misalignment in shocked targets.

Plate-impact experiments have been used to interrogate the influence of gauge alignment on the shock response of wire-element lateral manganin stress gauges in PMMA and aluminium targets. Embedded gauges were progressively rotated relative to the target impact face. Peak stress and lateral gauge rise-times were found be proportional (negatively and positively, respectively) to the resolved angle of the embedded gauge element. However, lateral stress gradients behind the shock were found to be relatively insensitive to gauge alignment. In addition, investigation of the effects of release arrival showed no connection to either peak stress or behaviour behind the shock.