Translating the lived experience of illicit drinkers into program guidance for cannabis substitution: Experiences from the Canadian Managed Alcohol Program Study.

A small but growing body of research has suggested the potential for cannabis substitution to support Managed Alcohol Program (MAP) service users to reduce acute and chronic alcohol-related harms. In 2022, researchers from the Canadian Managed Alcohol Program Study (CMAPS) noted a dearth of accessible, alcohol-specific educational resources to support service users and program staff to implement cannabis substitution pilots at several MAP sites in Canada. In this essay, we draw on over 10-years of collaboration between CMAPS, and organizations of people with lived experience (the Eastside Illicit Drinkers Group for Education (EIDGE) and SOLID Victoria) to describe our experiences co-creating cannabis education resources where none existed to support MAP sites interested in beginning to provide cannabis to participants. The research team relied on the unique lived experiences and informal cannabis-related harm reduction strategies described by EIDGE and SOLID members to create cannabis education resources that were accurate and relevant to MAP sites. EIDGE was familiar with creating peer-oriented educational resources and convened meetings and focus groups to engage peers. CMAPS research team members created standard cannabis unit equivalencies to support program delivery, and clinical advisors ensured that the stated risks and benefits of cannabis substitution, as well as tapering guidance for withdrawal management, were safe and feasible. The collaboration ultimately produced tailored client-facing and provider-facing resources. Our experience demonstrates that the lived expertise of drinkers can play an integral role in creating alcohol harm reduction informational materials, specifically those related to cannabis substitution, when combined with data from rigorous, community-based programs of research like CMAPS. We close by listing additional considerations for cannabis substitution program design for MAP settings emerging from this process of collaboration between illicit drinkers, service providers, clinicians, and researchers for consideration by other programs.

Evaluation of a Multi-Gene Methylation Blood-Test for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer.

Circulating tumour DNA biomarkers are an expanding field in oncology research that offer great potential but are currently often limited in value by overall cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel multi-gene methylation blood test for the identification of colorectal cancer and throughout the spectrum of colorectal disease. Participants were recruited either prior to resection for known CRC or prior to screening colonoscopy after a positive faecal immunochemical test. Blood was collected from participants prior to their procedure being performed. The plasma was separated, and multiplex MethylLight droplet digital PCR was used to analyse for the presence of four methylated genes: SDC2, NPY, IKZF1 and SEPT9. A total of 537 participants underwent analysis. The SDC2/NPY genes showed a sensitivity of 33-54% and a specificity of 72-96%, whilst the IKZF1/SEPT9 genes showed a sensitivity of 19-42% and a specificity of 88-96%. Combining the two tests did not significantly increase the test accuracy. The sensitivity for advanced adenoma was 2-15%. There was a significant difference in the frequency of detectable methylation between the participants with CRC and those without CRC. However, neither the sensitivity nor the specificity was superior to current diagnostic screening tests.

Predator-Prey Interactions between Halobacteriovorax and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains: Geographical Considerations and Influence of Vibrio Hemolysins.

Halobacteriovorax is a genus of naturally occurring marine predatory bacteria that attack, replicate within, and lyse vibrios and other bacteria. This study evaluated the specificity of four Halobacteriovorax strains against important sequence types (STs) of clinically relevant Vibrio parahaemolyticus, including pandemic strains ST3 and ST36. The Halobacteriovorax bacteria were previously isolated from seawater from the Mid-Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Hawaiian coasts of the United States. Specificity screening was performed using a double agar plaque assay technique on 23 well-characterized and genomically sequenced V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from infected individuals from widely varying geographic locations within the United States. With few exceptions, results showed that Halobacteriovorax bacteria were excellent predators of the V. parahaemolyticus strains regardless of the origins of the predator or prey. Sequence types and serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus did not influence host specificity, nor did the presence or absence of genes for the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) or the TDH-related hemolysin, although faint (cloudy) plaques were present when one or both hemolysins were absent in three of the Vibrio strains. Plaque sizes varied depending on both the Halobacteriovorax and Vibrio strains evaluated, suggesting differences in Halobacteriovorax replication and/or growth rates. The very broad infectivity of Halobacteriovorax toward pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus makes Halobacteriovorax a strong candidate for use in commercial processing applications to enhance the safety of seafoods. IMPORTANCE Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a formidable obstacle to seafood safety. Strains pathogenic to humans are numerous and difficult to control, especially within molluscan shellfish. The pandemic spread of ST3 and ST36 has caused considerable concern, but many other STs are also problematic. The present study demonstrates broad predatory activity of Halobacteriovorax strains obtained along U.S. coastal waters from the Mid-Atlantic, Gulf Coast, and Hawaii toward strains of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. This broad activity against clinically relevant V. parahaemolyticus strains suggests a role for Halobacteriovorax in mediating pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in seafoods and their environment as well as the potential application of these predators in the development of new disinfection technologies to reduce pathogenic vibrios in molluscan shellfish and other seafoods.

Environmental Regulation of the Distribution and Ecology of Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms.

The impact of key environmental factors, salinity, prey, and temperature, on the survival and ecology of Bdellovibrio and like bacteria (BALOs), including the freshwater/terrestrial, non-halotolerant group and the halophilic Halobacteriovorax strains, has been assessed based on a review of data in the literature. These topics have been studied by numerous investigators for nearly six decades now, and much valuable information has been amassed and reported. The collective data shows that salinity, prey, and temperature play a major role in, not only the growth and survival of BALOs, but also the structure and composition of BALO communities and the distribution of the predators. Salinity is a major determinant in the selection of BALO habitats, distribution, prey bacteria, and systematics. Halophilic BALOs require salt for cellular functions and are found only in saltwater habitats, and prey primarily on saltwater bacteria. To the contrary, freshwater/terrestrial BALOs are non-halotolerant and inhibited by salt concentrations greater than 0.5%, and are restricted to freshwater, soils, and other low salt environments. They prey preferentially on bacteria in the same habitats. The halophilic BALOs are further separated on the basis of their tolerance to various salt concentrations. Some strains are found in low salt environments and others in high salt regions. In situ studies have demonstrated that salinity gradients in estuarine systems govern the type of BALO communities that will persist within a specific gradient. Bacterial prey for BALOs functions more than just being a substrate for the predators and include the potential for different prey species to structure the BALO community at the phylotype level. The pattern of susceptibility or resistance of various bacteria species has been used almost universally to differentiate strains of new BALO isolates. However, the method suffers from a lack of uniformity among different laboratories. The use of molecular methods such as comparative analysis of the 16S rDNA gene and metagenomics have provided more specific approaches to distinguished between isolates. Differences in temperature growth range among different BALO groups and strains have been demonstrated in many laboratory experiments. The temperature optima and growth range for the saltwater BALOs is typically lower than that of the freshwater/terrestrial BALOs. The collective data shows not only that environmental factors have a great impact on BALO ecology, but also how the various factors affect BALO populations in nature.

The importance of teamwork climate for preventing burnout in UK general practices.

This short report aims to investigate the association between teamwork and burnout among general practitioners (GPs). A two-stage survey was conducted. In stage one, validated self-report measures of burnout and teamwork were completed by 50 GPs across 12 general practices in Greater Manchester, UK. In stage two, staff members across 3 of the 12 general practices (GPs, nursing staff, managers and admin staff) responded to free text questions about teamwork (n = 20). The results of the stage one survey showed that teamwork in GPs was significantly negatively associated with the emotional exhaustion (r = -0.326, P < 0.05) and depersonalization (r = -0.421, P < 0.01) domains of the burnout measure and significantly positively associated with the personal accomplishment (r = 0.296, P < 0.05) domain. Free text responses in stage two were assigned into three themes: (i) addressing organizational barriers which might threaten teamwork, (ii) promoting the view of teamwork as a shared responsibility among all staff members of the general practice and (iii) implementing improvement strategies which can be embedded in the busy environment of general practices. GPs and other staff members of general practices valued the importance of teamwork for boosting their morale and mitigating burnout. Future research should focus on designing and embedding brief teamwork improvement strategies in general practices.

Investigating skewness to understand gene expression heterogeneity in large patient cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Skewness is an under-utilized statistical measure that captures the degree of asymmetry in the distribution of any dataset. This study applied a new metric based on skewness to identify regulators or genes that have outlier expression in large patient cohorts. RESULTS: We investigated whether specific patterns of skewed expression were related to the enrichment of biological pathways or genomic properties like DNA methylation status. Our study used publicly available datasets that were generated using both RNA-sequencing and microarray technology platforms. For comparison, the datasets selected for this study also included different samples derived from control donors and cancer patients. When comparing the shift in expression skewness between cancer and control datasets, we observed an enrichment of pathways related to the immune function that reflects an increase towards positive skewness in the cancer relative to control datasets. A significant correlation was also detected between expression skewness and the top 500 genes corresponding to the most significant differential DNA methylation occurring in the promotor regions for four Cancer Genome Atlas cancer cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that expression skewness can reveal new insights into transcription based on outlier and asymmetrical behaviour in large patient cohorts.

Relative Contributions of Halobacteriovorax and Bacteriophage to Bacterial Cell Death under Various Environmental Conditions.

The role of protists and bacteriophages in bacterial predation in the microbial food web has been well studied. There is mounting evidence that Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) also contribute to bacterial mortality and, in some cases, more so than bacteriophages. A full understanding of the ecologic function of the microbial food web requires recognition of all major predators and the magnitude of each predator's contribution. Here we investigated the contribution of Halobacteriovorax, one of the BALOs, and bacteriophages when incubated with their common prey, Vibrio vulnificus, in a seawater microcosm. We observed that Halobacteriovorax was the greatest responder to the prey, increasing 18-fold with a simultaneous 4.4-log-unit reduction of V. vulnificus at 40 h, whereas the bacteriophage population showed no significant increase. In subsequent experiments to formulate a medium that would support the predatory activities and replication of both predators, low-nutrient media favored the predation and replication of the Halobacteriovorax, whereas higher-nutrient media enhanced phage growth. The greatest prey reduction and replication of both Halobacteriovorax and phage were observed in media with moderate nutrient levels. Additional experiments show that the predatory activities of both predators were influenced by environmental conditions, specifically, temperature and salinity. The two predators combined exerted greater control on V. vulnificus, a synergism that may be exploited for practical applications to reduce bacterial populations. These findings suggest that along with bacteriophage and protists, Halobacteriovorax has the potential to have a prominent role in bacterial mortality and cycling of nutrients, two vital ecologic functions.IMPORTANCE Although much has been reported about the marine microbial food web and the role of micropredators, specifically viruses and protists, the contribution of Bdellovibrio-like predators has largely been ignored, posing a major gap in understanding food web processes. A complete scenario of the microbial food web cannot be developed until the roles of all major micropredators and the magnitude of their contributions to bacterial mortality, structuring of microbial communities, and cycling of nutrients are assessed. Here we show compelling evidence that Halobacteriovorax, a predatory bacterium, is a significant contributor to bacterial death and, in some cases, may rival viruses as agents of bacterial mortality. These results advance current understanding of the microbial loop and top-down control on the bacterial community.

Relación entre características sociodemográficas y clínicas de pacientes con Alzheimer y sobrecarga del cuidador principal / Relationship between sociodemography and clinical characteristics of patients with Alzheimer disease and overload of principal caregiver

RESUMEN Introducción: la enfermedad de Alzheimer constituye un proceso degenerativo y progresivo del cerebro. Cursa por estadios: leve, moderado y severo; en los cuales el paciente va perdiendo sus capacidades mentales, por lo que se hace dependiente y necesita del cuidado de otros. El cuidado a estos pacientes tiene consecuencias para el cuidador y la familia. Objetivo: relacionar la sobrecarga percibida por el cuidador principal con las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional en el Policlínico Carlos Manuel Portuondo en Marianao. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 35 pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer en las fases leve y moderada y sus cuidadores principales. Para recolectar la información se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y la Escala de Zarit. Se conformó una base de datos con el SPSS 15.0 para Windows. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para la relación entre variables, los resultados se presentaron en tabla de contingencia. Resultados: en los pacientes se obtuvo una edad media de 77,06 años, el 80,00 por ciento fueron mujeres, el 42,85 por ciento, casados e igual porcentaje con preuniversitario terminado, el 74,28 por ciento en la fase leve de la enfermedad. El 74,3 por ciento de los cuidadores experimentaron niveles de sobrecarga debido a la labor del cuidado. Existe relación significativa entre la sobrecarga percibida por el cuidador y el estadio de la enfermedad (r=0,346). Conclusiones: se constató una relación significativa entre los estadios de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la sobrecarga percibida por el cuidador(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Alzheimer´s disease is a degenerative and progressive change in the brain. It course consists of different stages: mild, moderate and severe, where the patients loss mental capacities slowly and depend on and needs care from other person. The incessant care to this patient generate bad consequences to the caregiver and family as well. Objective: To correlate the perceived overload of the principal caregiver with the socioeconomic and clinical characteristics of Alzheimer disease. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted at the Polyclinic Carlos Manuel Portuondo in Marianao. The study group consisted of 35 patients with Alzheimer's disease in mild to moderate stages and their primary caregivers. To gather information was used a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Scale of Zarit. A database using SPSS 15.0 for Windows was formed. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between variables was used, the results were presented in contingency table. Results: In patients with a mean age of 77.06 years was obtained, the women were 80.00 percent, 42.85 percent married and the same percentage finished high school, the 74.28 percent in the mild stage of the disease. 74.3 percent of caregivers experienced levels of overload due to the work of care. There is significant relationship between perceived caregiver overload and stage of disease (r = 0.346). Conclusions: A significant relationship between the stages of Alzheimer's disease and perceived by the caregiver overload was found(AU)

Distinct patterns of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in HPV+ and CD68 macrophages in HPV- oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are associated with better clinical outcome but PD-L1 expression is not prognostic.

Immunotherapies are beginning to revolutionise treatment paradigms in oncology with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting T-cell co-inhibitory (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1) and co-stimulatory pathways (e.g. CTLA-4/CD28) demonstrating clinical utility. Some clinical studies demonstrate that responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 mAb therapy is greater in patients with expression of PD-L1 in the tumour microenvironment. However, robust responses have also been observed in patients with low or absent expression of PD-L1. Using multiplex immuno-fluorescent labelling we sought to determine how infiltration of tumours by CD8+ T-cells, their expression of PD-1, and the expression of PD-L1 on both tumours and CD68 cells (macrophages) correlated with HPV status and outcome in a cohort of 124 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC).

Analysis of gene gain and loss in the evolution of predatory bacteria.

Predatory bacteria are ubiquitously distributed in nature in including in aquatic environments, sewage, intestinal tracts of animals and humans, rhizophere and, soils. However, our understanding of their evolutionary history is limited. Results of recent studies have shown that acquiring novel genes is a major force driving bacterial evolution. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the impact of gene gain and loss in the evolution of bacterial predators, this study employed comparative genomic approaches to identify core-set gene families and species-specific gene families, and model gene gain and loss events among 11 genomes that represented diverse lineages. In total, 1977 gene families were classified. Of these 509 (pattern 11111111111) were present all of the 11 species. Among the non-core set gene families, 52 were present only in saltwater bacteria predators and had no ortholog in the other genomes. Similarly 109 and 44 were present only in the genomes of Micavibrio spp. and Bdellovibrio spp., respectively. In this study, the gain loss mapping engine GLOOME was selected to analyze and estimate the expectations and probabilities of both gain and loss events in the predatory bacteria. In total, 354 gene families were involved in significant gene gain events, and 407 gene families were classified into gene loss events with high supported value. Moreover, 18 families from the core set gene family were identified as putative genes under positive selection. The results of this study suggest that acquisition of particular genes that encode functional proteins in metabolism and cellular processes and signaling, especially ABC systems, may help bacterial predators adapt to surrounding environmental changes and present different predation strategies for survival in their habitats.

Natural product HTP screening for antibacterial (E.coli 0157:H7) and anti-inflammatory agents in (LPS from E. coli O111:B4) activated macrophages and microglial cells; focus on sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome arising from infection can lead to multiple organ failure and death, with greater susceptibility occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, sub-acute chronic inflammation is a contributor to the pathology of diverse degenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and arthritis). Given the known limitations in Western medicine to treat a broad range of inflammatory related illness as well as the emergence of antibiotic resistance, there is a renewed interest in complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to achieve these means. METHODS: A high throughput (HTP) screening of >1400 commonly sold natural products (bulk herbs, cooking spices, teas, leaves, supplement components, nutraceutical food components, fruit and vegetables, rinds, seeds, polyphenolics etc.) was conducted to elucidate anti-inflammatory substances in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (E. coli serotype O111:B4) monocytes: RAW 264.7 macrophages [peripheral], BV-2 microglia [brain]) relative to hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and L-N6-(1Iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL). HTP evaluation was also carried out for lethal kill curves against E.coli 0157:H7 1x106 CFU/mL relative to penicillin. Validation studies were performed to assess cytokine profiling using antibody arrays. Findings were corroborated by independent ELISAs and NO2-/iNOS expression quantified using the Griess Reagent and immunocytochemistry, respectively. For robust screening, we developed an in-vitro efficacy paradigm to ensure anti-inflammatory parameters were observed independent of cytotoxicity. This caution was taken given that many plants exert tumoricidal and anti-inflammatory effects at close range through similar signaling pathways, which could lead to false positives. RESULTS: The data show that activated BV-2 microglia cells (+ LPS 1µg/ml) release >10-fold greater IL-6, MIP1/2, RANTES and nitric oxide (NO2-), where RAW 264.7 macrophages (+ LPS 1µg/ml) produced > 10-fold rise in sTNFR2, MCP-1, IL-6, GCSF, RANTES and NO2-. Data validation studies establish hydrocortisone and dexamethasone as suppressing multiple pro-inflammatory processes, where L-NIL suppressed NO2-, but had no effect on iNOS expression or IL-6. The screening results demonstrate relative few valid hits with anti-inflammatory effects at < 250µg/ml for the following: Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis), Elecampagne Root (Inula helenium), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare),Yerba (Eriodictyon californicum) and Centipeda (Centipeda minima), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Turmeric Root (Curcuma Longa), Osha Root (Ligusticum porteri), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and constituents: cardamonin, apigenin, quercetin, biochanin A, eupatorin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and butein. Natural products lethal against [E. coli 0157:H7] where the LC50 < 100 µg/ml included bioactive silver hydrosol-Argentyn 23, green tea (its constituents EGCG > Polyphenon 60 > (-)-Gallocatechin > Epicatechin > (+)-Catechin), Grapeseed Extract (Vitis vinifera), Chinese Gallnut (its constituents gallic acid > caffeic acid) and gallic acid containing plants such as Babul Chall Bark (Acacia Arabica), Arjun (Terminalia Arjuna) and Bayberry Root Bark (Morella Cerifera). CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize and validate the previous work of others and identify the most effective CAM anti-inflammatory, antibacterial compounds using these models. Future work will be required to evaluate potential combination strategies for long-term use to prevent chronic inflammation and possibly lower the risk of sepsis in immunocompromised at risk populations.

Halobacteriovorax, an underestimated predator on bacteria: potential impact relative to viruses on bacterial mortality.

Predation on bacteria and accompanying mortality are important mechanisms in controlling bacterial populations and recycling of nutrients through the microbial loop. The agents most investigated and seen as responsible for bacterial mortality are viruses and protists. However, a body of evidence suggests that predatory bacteria such as the Halobacteriovorax (formerly Bacteriovorax), a Bdellovibrio-like organism, contribute substantially to bacterial death. Until now, conclusive evidence has been lacking. The goal of this study was to better understand the contributors to bacterial mortality by addressing the poorly understood role of Halobacteriovorax and how their role compares with that of viruses. The results revealed that when a concentrated suspension of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was added into microcosms of estuarine waters, the native Halobacteriovorax were the predators that responded first and most rapidly. Their numbers increased by four orders of magnitude, whereas V. parahaemolyticus prey numbers decreased by three orders of magnitude. In contrast, the extant virus population showed little increase and produced little change in the prey density. An independent experiment with stable isotope probing confirmed that Halobacteriovorax were the predators primarily responsible for the mortality of the V. parahaemolyticus. The results show that Halobacteriovorax have the potential to be significant contributors to bacterial mortality, and in such cases, predation by Halobacteriovorax may be an important mechanism of nutrient recycling. These conclusions add another dimension to bacterial mortality and the recycling of nutrients.

Draft genome sequences for the obligate bacterial predators Bacteriovorax spp. of four phylogenetic clusters.

Bacteriovorax is the halophilic genus of the obligate bacterial predators, Bdellovibrio and like organisms. The predators are known for their unique biphasic life style in which they search for and attack their prey in the free living phase; penetrate, grow, multiply and lyse the prey in the intraperiplasmic phase. Bacteriovorax isolates representing four phylogenetic clusters were selected for genomic sequencing. Only one type strain genome has been published so far from the genus Bacteriovorax. We report the genomes from non-type strains isolated from aquatic environments. Here we describe and compare the genomic features of the four strains, together with the classification and annotation.

Características sociodemográficas de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer y sus cuidadores principales / Characteristic sociodemográficas of patient with illness of Alzheimer and their main caretakers

Introducción: la enfermedad de Alzheimer constituye una de las demencias más frecuente. Es una enfermedad devastadora que afecta la calidad de vida paciente y de sus familiares, principalmente, la del cuidador principal. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer leve y moderada y a sus cuidadores principales. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el policlínico Carlos Manuel Portuondo de Marianao, de enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2011, en un universo de 35 pacientes en fase leve y moderada de enfermedad de Alzheimer y sus cuidadores principales. Se aplicó un cuestionario para caracterizar al paciente y su cuidador. Para procesar y analizar los resultados se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas y porcentaje, se calculó la media de edad y la desviación estándar para la edad del paciente y su cuidador. Resultados: pacientes con edad media de 77,06 años; el 80,00 por ciento, mujeres; el 42,85 por ciento, casados con estudios preuniversitarios; el 74,28 por ciento se encontraba en fase leve de la enfermedad. Cuidadores con edad media de 56,43 años; el 82,85 por ciento, mujeres; el 57,14 por ciento casadas; el 45,71 por ciento con nivel educacional superior; el 60,00 por ciento eran hijas; el 40,00 por ciento brindando cuidados por más de dos años; el 82,85 por ciento, por más de 12 hora diarias; el 77,14 por ciento con alguna enfermedad crónica; el 85,71 por ciento sin vínculo laboral. Conclusiones: las características sociodemográficas de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer y sus cuidadores evidencian la repercusión que tiene la enfermedad en el orden psicológico, social, económico y en la salud del cuidador principal(AU)

Introduction: alzheimer disease is one of the most common dementia. It is destructive that affects the life quality of patients and their principal care givers. Objective: to characterize patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer disease and their principal care givers. Methods: it was carried out a descriptive study that included 35 patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer disease and their principal care givers, who resides in Carlos Manuel Portuondo health area in Marianao. It was carried out a socio demographic test to characterize patients and their principal care givers. To proses and statistical analysis off the results it was created a data base with statistical program SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Results: it had a predominance of female patients in mild phase. The principal care givers was the daughter, who was married, they had not job and suffered some chronic disease non transmit. Conclusions: the socio demographic characteristics of patients with Alzheimer disease and their principal care givers show the repercussion of disease in psychologist, social and economic order and principal care giver´s health(AU)

Características sociodemográficas de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer y sus cuidadores principales / Characteristic sociodemográficas of patient with illness of Alzheimer and their main caretakers

Introducción: lograr la plena integración del adolescente con discapacidad constituye una meta central de los programas de rehabilitación; contra esto conspira en gran medida la presencia de conceptos errados en la población, que considera al discapacitado en desventaja, especialmente en lo referido a la vida sexual. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimientos de los estudiantes de la carrera de licenciatura en enfermería en la ciudad de Camagüey sobre el tema de la sexualidad entre los adolescentes con discapacidad. Métodos: estudio cualitativo mediante encuestas y entrevistas aplicadas, que fueron objeto de análisis de contenido. La muestra quedó integrada por 80 estudiantes de diversos años de la carrera de licenciatura en enfermería. Se aplicó una entrevista a 45 estudiantes de primer y segundo año de la carrera de licenciatura en enfermería, y una encuesta de preguntas cerradas para obtener respuestas dicotómicas a 35 estudiantes del tercer y cuarto año. Resultados: el 62 por ciento de los entrevistados argumentaron diversas razones que limitaban las posibilidades del desarrollo sexual en los discapacitados, y en la encuesta aplicada el 60 por ciento de las respuestas resultaron incorrectas. Conclusiones: resulta necesario el desarrollo de programas de educación sexual ajustados a las necesidades especiales de la población discapacitada, y divulgar información en la población, en estudiantes y profesionales de la salud sobre este tema(AU)

Introduction: alzheimer disease is one of the most common dementia. It is destructive that affects the life quality of patients and their principal care givers. Objective: to characterize patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer disease and their principal care givers. Methods: it was carried out a descriptive study that included 35 patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer disease and their principal care givers, who resides in Carlos Manuel Portuondo health area in Marianao. It was carried out a socio demographic test to characterize patients and their principal care givers. To proses and statistical analysis off the results it was created a data base with statistical program SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Results: it had a predominance of female patients in mild phase. The principal care givers was the daughter, who was married, they had not job and suffered some chronic disease non transmit. Conclusions: the socio demographic characteristics of patients with Alzheimer disease and their principal care givers show the repercussion of disease in psychologist, social and economic order and principal care giver´s health(AU)

Genome-wide comparative analysis of ABC systems in the Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms.

Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALOs) are gram-negative, predatory bacteria with wide variations in genome sizes and GC content and ecological habitats. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems have been identified in several prokaryotes, fungi and plants and have a role in transport of materials in and out of cells and in cellular processes. However, knowledge of the ABC systems of BALOs remains obscure. A total of 269 putative ABC proteins were identified in BALOs. The genes encoding these ABC systems occupy nearly 1.3% of the gene content in freshwater Bdellovibrio strains and about 0.7% in their saltwater counterparts. The proteins found belong to 25 ABC system families based on their structural characteristics and functions. Among these, 16 families function as importers, 6 as exporters and 3 are involved in various cellular processes. Eight of these 25 ABC system families were deduced to be the core set of ABC systems conserved in all BALOs. All Bacteriovorax strains have 28 or less ABC systems. On the contrary, the freshwater Bdellovibrio strains have more ABC systems, typically around 51. In the genome of Bdellovibrio exovorus JSS (CP003537.1), 53 putative ABC systems were detected, representing the highest number among all the BALO genomes examined in this study. Unexpected high numbers of ABC systems involved in cellular processes were found in all BALOs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the majority of ABC proteins can be assigned into many separate families with high bootstrap supports (>50%). In this study, a general framework of sequence-structure-function connections for the ABC systems in BALOs was revealed providing novel insights for future investigations.

454 Pyrosequencing reveals diversity of Bdellovibrio and like organisms in fresh and salt water.

Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALOs) are Gram-negative, predatory bacteria that inhabit terrestrial, freshwater and saltwater environments. They have been detected primarily by culture-dependent methods which have limitations. In this study, diversity and community structure of BALOs in freshwater and saltwater samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing with specific BALO group primers. Novel Bacteriovorax 16S rDNA sequences were found both in saltwater enrichment cultures and in situ environmental samples, but no new operational taxonomic units were detected in the freshwater samples. The results revealed unexpected diversity of BALOs and advance understanding of the similarities and differences between Bdellovibrio and Bacteriovorax diversity and distribution in the environment.

Reclassification of Bacteriovorax marinus as Halobacteriovorax marinus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Bacteriovorax litoralis as Halobacteriovorax litoralis comb. nov.; description of Halobacteriovoraceae fam. nov. in the class Deltaproteobacteria.

The taxonomic status of saltwater Bdellovibrio-like prokaryotic predators has been revised to assign species to Halobacteriovorax gen. nov. A reclassification of Bacteriovorax marinus as Halobacteriovorax marinus comb. nov. (type strain ATCC BAA-682(T) = DSM 15412(T)) and Bacteriovorax litoralis as Halobacteriovorax litoralis comb. nov. (type strain ATCC BAA-684(T) = DSM 15409(T)) is proposed. This revision is necessary because a previous proposal to retain saltwater isolates as species of Bacteriovorax and reclassify Bacteriovorax stolpii as Bacteriolyticum stolpii was not approved. The type species of a genus cannot be reassigned to another genus. Bacteriovorax stolpii is thus retained as the type species of Bacteriovorax and Halobacteriovorax marinus is the type species of Halobacteriovorax and of Halobacteriovoraceae fam. nov.

GA-Based Selection of Vaginal Microbiome Features Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis.

In this paper, we successfully apply GEFeS (Genetic & Evolutionary Feature Selection) to identify the key features in the human vaginal microbiome and in patient meta-data that are associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). The vaginal microbiome is the community of bacteria found in a patient, and meta-data include behavioral practices and demographic information. Bacterial vaginosis is a disease that afflicts nearly one third of all women, but the current diagnostics are crude at best. We describe two types of classifies for BV diagnosis, and show that each is associated with one of two treatments. Our results show that the classifiers associated with the 'Treat Any Symptom' version have better performances that the classifier associated with the 'Treat Based on N-Score Value'. Our long term objective is to develop a more accurate and objective diagnosis and treatment of BV.

Differences in bacterial community structure on Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria americana in a freshwater spring.

The phylogenetic composition of the epiphytic bacterial community of an invasive aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) and a native species (Vallisneria americana [eelgrass]) of the Wakulla Spring (Florida) was investigated, along with the water column bacterial composition, using clone libraries of the 16S rRNA genes. The bacterial clones from three clone libraries were classified into 182 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), most of which were affiliated with bacterial divisions commonly found in freshwater ecosystems. Based on the identified classes, the bacterial communities on eelgrass and Hydrilla were distinct, such that Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria were found on eelgrass and in the water column but not on Hydrilla. On the other hand, Deltaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiae were found on Hydrilla and in the water column but not on eelgrass. Further distinctions observed were that Armatimonadia and Deinococci were found only on Hydrilla while Gemmatimonadetes was found only on eelgrass. Our results indicated differences between the epiphytic bacterial community on the two plants and the water column at the species level, but an even representation of the most abundant phylogenetic taxa (classes) in all three libraries was revealed. Statistical comparison of the retrieved sequences confirmed that the three libraries did not differ significantly at the community level (LIBSHUFF, p <0.05).