RESUMO
Plant organs are typically organized into three main tissue layers. The middle ground tissue layer comprises the majority of the plant body and serves a wide range of functions, including photosynthesis, selective nutrient uptake and storage, and gravity sensing. Ground tissue patterning and maintenance in Arabidopsis are controlled by a well-established gene network revolving around the key regulator SHORT-ROOT (SHR). In contrast, it is completely unknown how ground tissue identity is first specified from totipotent precursor cells in the embryo. The plant signaling molecule auxin, acting through AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors, is critical for embryo patterning. The auxin effector ARF5/MONOPTEROS (MP) acts both cell-autonomously and noncell-autonomously to control embryonic vascular tissue formation and root initiation, respectively. Here we show that auxin response and ARF activity cell-autonomously control the asymmetric division of the first ground tissue cells. By identifying embryonic target genes, we show that MP transcriptionally initiates the ground tissue lineage and acts upstream of the regulatory network that controls ground tissue patterning and maintenance. Strikingly, whereas the SHR network depends on MP, this MP function is, at least in part, SHR independent. Our study therefore identifies auxin response as a regulator of ground tissue specification in the embryonic root, and reveals that ground tissue initiation and maintenance use different regulators and mechanisms. Moreover, our data provide a framework for the simultaneous formation of multiple cell types by the same transcriptional regulator.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/embriologia , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Padronização Corporal , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaAssuntos
Esgotamento Profissional/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Local de Trabalho/psicologia , Adulto , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Saúde Mental , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Medicina do Trabalho , Ocupações , Fatores de Risco , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Atividades Cotidianas , Braço/fisiopatologia , Avaliação da Deficiência , Pessoas com Deficiência , Mãos/fisiopatologia , Ombro/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Medição da Dor , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that persists into adulthood. Its symptoms cause impairments in a number of social domains, one of which is employment. We wish to produce a consensus statement on how ADHD affects employment. METHODS: This consensus development conference statement was developed as a result of a joint international meeting held in July 2010. The consensus committee was international in scope (United Kingdom, mainland Europe, United Arab Emirates) and consisted of individuals from a broad range of backgrounds (Psychiatry, Occupational Medicine, Health Economists, Disability Advisors). The objectives of the conference were to discuss some of the occupational impairments adults with ADHD may face and how to address these problems from an inclusive perspective. Furthermore the conference looked at influencing policy and decision making at a political level to address impaired occupational functioning in adults with ADHD and fears around employing people with disabilities in general. RESULTS: The consensus was that there were clear weaknesses in the current arrangements in the UK and internationally to address occupational difficulties. More so, Occupational Health was not wholly integrated and used as a means of making positive changes to the workplace, but rather as a superfluous last resort that employers tried to avoid. Furthermore the lack of cross professional collaboration on occupational functioning in adults with ADHD was a significant problem. CONCLUSIONS: Future research needs to concentrate on further investigating occupational functioning in adults with ADHD and pilot exploratory initiatives and tools, leading to a better and more informed understanding of possible barriers to employment and potential schemes to put in place to address these problems.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Emprego/psicologia , Atividades Cotidianas/psicologia , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Candidatura a Emprego , Saúde Ocupacional , Reabilitação Vocacional , Local de Trabalho/psicologiaRESUMO
Doctors are required to issue Form Med 3 (the Statements of Fitness for Work, commonly known as the fit note) where appropriate to patients for whom they provide clinical care. Much sickness absence is attributed to mild or moderate mental ill health, musculoskeletal or cardiorespiratory conditions. The effects of these conditions and others can often be accommodated at work, with appropriate adjustments, adaptations or support if necessary. Employers have a crucial role in achieving this; however, they need advice on the functional effects of the condition to do so. Evidence shows that work can be therapeutic and help promote recovery and rehabilitation. Conversely, unemployment is generally harmful to health and can lead to increased morbidity and poorer physical and mental health, as well as poverty, health inequalities and social exclusion. This concise guideline has been developed to aid doctors in understanding when and how to issue a fit note to the greatest benefit for their patients.