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1.
Ann Surg Oncol ; 31(1): 42-48, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37840113

RESUMO

Collecting and reporting data on race and ethnicity is vital to understanding and addressing health disparities in the United States. These health disparities can include increased prevalence and severity of disease, poorer health outcomes, decreased access to healthcare, etc., in disadvantaged populations compared with advantaged groups. Without these data, researchers, administrators, public health practitioners, and policymakers are unable to identify the need for targeted interventions and assistance. When researching or reporting on race and ethnicity, typically broad racial categories are used. These include White or Caucasian, Black or African American, Asian American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or American Indian and Alaska Native, as well as categories for ethnicity such as Latino or Hispanic or not Latino or Hispanic. These categories, defined by the Office of Management and Budget, are the minimum standards for collecting and reporting race and ethnicity data across federal agencies. Of note, these categories have not been updated since 1997. The lack of accurate and comprehensive data on marginalized racial and ethnic groups limits our understanding of and ability to address health disparities. This has implications for breast cancer outcomes in various populations in this country. In this paper, we examine the impact data inequity and the lack of data equity centered processes have in providing appropriate prevention and intervention efforts and resource allocations.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Etnicidade , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Grupos Raciais , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/etnologia , Agregação de Dados , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
2.
Violence Against Women ; : 10778012231185540, 2023 Jul 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37461368

RESUMO

The invisible nature of economic abuse contributes to its pervasiveness. Through interviews with 14 women survivors in Canada, this study identifies the ways in which economic abuse is (in)visible to survivors. There were three major themes: "Constructing and maintaining the fairy-tale" describes how gender roles and ideas of love concealed abuse. "The normalization of financial problems in heterosexual relationships" examines how disagreements about money were normalized in ways that masked abuse. "Recognizing economic abuse" describes how breaking away from expectations was critical to recognition. These findings can aid in improving support to help survivors identify, avoid, and escape economic abuse.

3.
JAMA Netw Open ; 4(11): e2136022, 2021 11 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34846526

RESUMO

Importance: Cardiovascular (CV) mortality has declined for more than 3 decades in the US. However, differences in declines among residents at a US county level are not well characterized. Objective: To identify unique county-level trajectories of CV mortality in the US during a 35-year study period and explore county-level factors that are associated with CV mortality trajectories. Design, Setting, and Participants: This longitudinal cross-sectional analysis of CV mortality trends used data from 3133 US counties from 1980 to 2014. County-level demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and health-related risk factors were compiled. Data were analyzed from December 2019 to September 2021. Exposures: County-level characteristics, collected from 5 county-level data sets. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cardiovascular mortality data were obtained for 3133 US counties from 1980 to 2014 using age-standardized county-level mortality rates from the Global Burden of Disease study. The longitudinal K-means approach was used to identify 3 distinct clusters based on underlying mortality trajectory. Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate associations between county characteristics and cluster membership. Results: Among 3133 US counties (median, 49.5% [IQR, 48.9%-50.5%] men; 30.7% [IQR, 27.1%-34.4%] older than 55 years; 9.9% [IQR, 4.5%-22.7%] racial minority group [individuals self-identifying as Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, other, or multiple races/ethnicities]), CV mortality declined by 45.5% overall and by 38.4% in high-mortality strata (694 counties), by 45.0% in intermediate-mortality strata (1382 counties), and by 48.3% in low-mortality strata (1057 counties). Counties with the highest mortality in 1980 continued to demonstrate the highest mortality in 2014. Trajectory groups were regionally distributed, with high-mortality trajectory counties focused in the South and in portions of Appalachia. Low- vs high-mortality groups varied significantly in demographic (racial minority group proportion, 7.6% [IQR, 4.1%-14.5%]) vs 23.9% [IQR, 6.5%-40.8%]) and socioeconomic characteristics such as high-school education (9.4% [IQR, 7.3%-12.6%] vs 20.1% [IQR, 16.1%-23.2%]), poverty rates (11.4% [IQR, 8.8%-14.6%] vs 20.6% [IQR, 17.1%-24.4%]), and violent crime rates (161.5 [IQR, 89.0-262.4] vs 272.8 [IQR, 155.3-431.3] per 100 000 population). In multinomial logistic regression, a model incorporating demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and health characteristics accounted for 60% of the variance in the CV mortality trajectory (R2 = 0.60). Sociodemographic factors such as racial minority group proportion (odds ratio [OR], 1.70 [95% CI, 1.35-2.14]) and educational attainment (OR, 6.17 [95% CI, 4.55-8.36]) and health behaviors such as smoking (OR for high vs low, 2.04 [95% CI, 1.58-2.64]) and physical inactivity (OR, 3.74 [95% CI, 2.83-4.93]) were associated with the high-mortality trajectory. Conclusions and Relevance: Cardiovascular mortality declined in all subgroups during the 35-year study period; however, disparities remained unchanged during that time. Disparate trajectories were associated with social and behavioral risks. Health policy efforts across multiple domains, including structural and public health targets, may be needed to reduce existing county-level cardiovascular mortality disparities.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Hospitais de Condado/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais de Condado/tendências , Mortalidade/tendências , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sociodemográficos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
4.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 1383, 2021 01 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33446812

RESUMO

Sleep's role in memory consolidation is widely acknowledged, but its role in weakening memories is still debated. Memory weakening is evolutionary beneficial and makes an integral contribution to cognition. We sought evidence on whether sleep-based memory reactivation can facilitate memory suppression. Participants learned pairs of associable words (e.g., DIET-CREAM) and were then exposed to hint words (e.g., DIET) and instructed to either recall ("think") or suppress ("no-think") the corresponding target words (e.g., CREAM). As expected, suppression impaired retention when tested immediately after a 90-min nap. To test if reactivation could selectively enhance memory suppression during sleep, we unobtrusively presented one of two sounds conveying suppression instructions during sleep, followed by hint words. Results showed that targeted memory reactivation did not enhance suppression-induced forgetting. Although not predicted, post-hoc analyses revealed that sleep cues strengthened memory, but only for suppressed pairs that were weakly encoded before sleep. The results leave open the question of whether memory suppression can be augmented during sleep, but suggest strategies for future studies manipulating memory suppression during sleep. Additionally, our findings support the notion that sleep reactivation is particularly beneficial for weakly encoded information, which may be prioritized for consolidation.


Assuntos
Consolidação da Memória/fisiologia , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
5.
Commun Biol ; 4(1): 25, 2021 01 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33398075

RESUMO

Memory consolidation involves the reactivation of memory traces during sleep. If different memories are reactivated each night, how much do they interfere with one another? We examined whether reactivating multiple memories incurs a cost to sleep-related benefits by contrasting reactivation of multiple memories versus single memories during sleep. First, participants learned the on-screen location of different objects. Each object was part of a semantically coherent group comprised of either one, two, or six items (e.g., six different cats). During sleep, sounds were unobtrusively presented to reactivate memories for half of the groups (e.g., "meow"). Memory benefits for cued versus non-cued items were independent of the number of items in the group, suggesting that reactivation occurs in a simultaneous and promiscuous manner. Intriguingly, sleep spindles and delta-theta power modulations were sensitive to group size, reflecting the extent of previous learning. Our results demonstrate that multiple memories may be consolidated in parallel without compromising each memory's sleep-related benefit. These findings highlight alternative models for parallel consolidation that should be considered in future studies.


Assuntos
Consolidação da Memória , Sono , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
6.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 4729, 2020 Mar 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32152399

RESUMO

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

7.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 2327, 2020 02 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32047183

RESUMO

Although we experience thousands of distinct events on a daily basis, relatively few are committed to memory. The human capacity to intentionally control which events will be remembered has been demonstrated using learning procedures with instructions to purposely avoid committing specific items to memory. In this study, we used a variant of the item-based directed-forgetting procedure and instructed participants to memorize the location of some images but not others on a grid. These instructions were conveyed using a set of auditory cues. Then, during an afternoon nap, we unobtrusively presented a cue that was used to instruct participant to avoid committing the locations of some images to memory. After sleep, memory was worse for to-be-forgotten image locations associated with the presented sound relative to those associated with a sound that was not presented during sleep. We conclude that memory processing during sleep can serve not only to secure memory storage but also to weaken it. Given that intentional suppression may be used to weaken unpleasant memories, such sleep-based strategies may help accelerate treatments for memory-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.


Assuntos
Estimulação Acústica/métodos , Sinais (Psicologia) , Memória/fisiologia , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Retenção Psicológica/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
8.
Health Commun ; 34(8): 838-847, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29461114

RESUMO

Hypotheses on how selective viewing of mediated images may sustain eating habits and aid healthier eating were derived from the Selective Exposure Self- and Affect Management model. The model posits that individuals select to view media to manage their self-concepts-and that this exposure affects subsequent intentions and behaviors. Participants (N = 265) selectively viewed Instagram-like postings featuring healthy or unhealthy food imagery. Beforehand, participants reported habits and perceived expert recommendations regarding food intake. After viewing postings, participants chose gift cards representing healthy or unhealthy food purchases and indicated food intake intentions. Results show that existing eating behavior predicts selective exposure to healthy or unhealthy food imagery, which in turn shapes gift card choices and (both healthy and unhealthy) food intake intentions.


Assuntos
Dieta Saudável , Comportamento Alimentar , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Intenção , Autoimagem , Mídias Sociais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Motivação , Estados Unidos , Adulto Jovem
9.
Thromb Haemost ; 93(5): 914-21, 2005 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15886809

RESUMO

The previously described fusion protein BLAH(6) (Marques JA et al.,Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 902-8) is a recombinant protein that combines the small disintegrin barbourin with hexahistidine-tagged rabbit serumalbumin (RSA) produced in Pichia pastoris yeast. We sought to determine: (1) if BLAH(6) was immunogenic; and (2) if its barbourin domain could be productively replaced with smaller peptides. Purified BLAH(6) was injected into rabbits, and anti-barbourin antibodies were universally detected in plasma 28 days later; BLAH(6) was, however, equally effective in reducing platelet aggregation in both naive and pre-treated rabbits. Thrombocytopenia was not observed, and complexing BLAH(6) to alpha(IIb)beta(3) had no effect on antibody detection. The barbourin moiety of BLAH(6) was replaced with each of four sequences: Pep I (VCKGDWPC); PepII (VCRGDWPC); PepIII (bar-bourin 41-54); and PepIV (LPSPGDWR). The corresponding fusion proteins were tested for their ability to inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. PepIII-LAH(6) inhibited neither rabbit nor human platelets. PepI-LAH(6) and PepIV-LAH(6) inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation as effectively as BLAH(6), but PepIV-LAH(6) did not inhibit human platelet aggregation. PepI-LAH(6) and PepIILAH(6) inhibited human platelet aggregation with IC(50)s 10- and 20-fold higher than BLAH(6). Cross-immunoprecipitation assays with human platelet lysates confirmed that all proteins and peptides interacted with the platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3), but with greatly varying affinities. Our results suggest that the antiplatelet activity of BLAH(6) can be retained in albumin fusion proteins in which smaller peptides replace the barbourin domain; these proteins may be less immunogenic than BLAH(6).


Assuntos
Albuminas/química , Venenos de Crotalídeos/química , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Difosfato de Adenosina/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , DNA/química , Humanos , Imunoprecipitação , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligonucleotídeos/química , Peptídeos/química , Pichia/metabolismo , Adesividade Plaquetária , Testes de Função Plaquetária , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIIb-IIIa de Plaquetas/química , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Coelhos , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/química , Fatores de Tempo
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