RESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To (1) compare the effects of cigarette smoking, nicotine withdrawal, and smoking cessation medications in US civilian and military aviators and (2) review the regulations in place regarding the use of smoking cessation medications for US aviators. RECENT FINDINGS: Cigarette smoking and associated cessation attempts are associated with multiple hazards in flight to aviators including effects from nicotine intoxication, nicotine withdrawal, carbon monoxide intoxication, and side effects related to smoking cessation medications. Current civilian and military regulations place significant restrictions on the use of smoking cessation medications to aviators; however, recent research suggests that the hazards associated with these medications might be lower than the risk-associated unassisted nicotine withdrawal. An evidence-based approach to smoking cessation may require changing restrictions against smoking cessation medication use in US civilian and military aviators. Use and cessation of smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes require additional attention and research in this population.
Assuntos
Bupropiona/uso terapêutico , Militares , Agonistas Nicotínicos/efeitos adversos , Pilotos/psicologia , Agentes de Cessação do Hábito de Fumar/efeitos adversos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Bupropiona/administração & dosagem , Bupropiona/efeitos adversos , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina , Humanos , Agonistas Nicotínicos/administração & dosagem , Agonistas Nicotínicos/uso terapêutico , Fumar/psicologia , Agentes de Cessação do Hábito de Fumar/administração & dosagem , Agentes de Cessação do Hábito de Fumar/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The effect of oceanic CO2 sequestration was examined exposing a deep-sea bacterium identified as Vibrio alginolyticus (9NA) to elevated levels of carbon dioxide and monitoring its growth at 2,750 psi (1,846 m depth). FINDINGS: The wild-type strain of 9NA could not grow in acidified marine broth below a pH of 5. The pH of marine broth did not drop below this level until at least 20.8 mM of CO2 was injected into the medium. 9NA did not grow at this CO2 concentration or higher concentrations (31.2 and 41.6 mM) for at least 72 h. Carbon dioxide at 10.4 mM also inhibited growth, but the bacterium was able to recover and grow. Exposure to CO2 caused the cell to undergo a morphological change and form a dimple-like structure. The membrane was also damaged but with no protein leakage.
