Comparison of facial morphologies between adult Chinese and Houstonian Caucasian populations using three-dimensional imaging.

The objective of this study was to compare the facial morphologies of an adult Chinese population to a Houstonian white population. Three-dimensional (3D) images were acquired via a commercially available stereophotogrammetric camera system, 3dMDface™. Using the system, 100 subjects from a Houstonian population and 71 subjects from a Chinese population were photographed. A complex mathematical algorithm was performed to generate a composite facial average (one for males and one for females) for each subgroup. The computer-generated facial averages were then superimposed based on a previously validated superimposition method. The facial averages were evaluated for differences. Distinct facial differences were evident between the subgroups evaluated. These areas included the nasal tip, the peri-orbital area, the malar process, the labial region, the forehead, and the chin. Overall, the mean facial difference between the Chinese and Houstonian female averages was 2.73±2.20mm, while the difference between the Chinese and Houstonian males was 2.83±2.20mm. The percent similarity for the female population pairings and male population pairings were 10.45% and 12.13%, respectively. The average adult Chinese and Houstonian faces possess distinct differences. Different populations and ethnicities have different facial features and averages that should be considered in the planning of treatment.

Early detection of Best's disease in childhood due to ineffective orthoptic treatment.

BACKGROUND: A meticulous fundoscopy is an essential examination before administering an orthoptic occlusion therapy (patching), even in cases with a "clear indication" for patching. In this case of an 8-year-old hyperopic boy the subsequent fundoscopy revealed a bilateral maculopathy that explained the stagnation of the increase of the monocular visual acuity (VA) in spite of a correctly applied patching. HISTORY AND SIGNS: The patient was a boy (8 years old) with a history of ineffective orthoptic treatment for 15 months due to hyperopia. Complete ophthalmological examination, optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT, Zeiss, Germany) and electro-oculography (EOG) were performed. No "everyday" symptoms were found. Best corrected VA (hyperopic) on the right was 10 / 20, on the left 8 / 20. Binocular VA was 20 / 20. 15 out of 15 Ishihara plates were identified on both sides. Orthophoria has been seen. Perimetry revealed bilateral nasal-parafoveal microscotoma. Fundoscopy showed a confined and slightly prominent yellow spot on the temporal side of the fovea. OCT revealed a subfoveal accumulation of solid material in the RPE in both eyes. EOG showed normal findings in our case. THERAPY AND OUTCOME: There was no further deterioration of VA in a follow-up time of 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Ineffective orthoptic treatment (patching) in amblyopic children should prompt the ophthalmologist to a meticulous fundoscopy, even if done so before patching, which is highly recommended. This young patient had no "everyday" visual symptoms. Because mainly the temporal fovea on both sides was affected, he showed normal binocular VA inspite of bilateral VA reduction. The authors think that this effect is due to biretinal summation (retinal filling in).