Quantification of the various contributors to rate enhancement in nucleophilic strain releasing reactions.

Since cyclopropanes are much more reactive than cyclobutanes despite their nearly identical strain energy, it has become clear that rate enhancement in cyclopropanes is partly due to strain release but also partly due to an additional factor about whose nature there is no consensus. Activation and equilibrium energies for a series of nucleophilic reactions of MeO-, MeS-, MeNH-, Me2N-, and MePH- with strained rings ranging from epoxide to aza-cubane were computed at the HF/631 + G* level. Using the Marcus equation, in combination with the computed intrinsic barrier for the identity reactions of the same nucleophiles with the strain free reference compounds (e.g., MeO- with Me-O-Me and Me2N- with Me3N), enabled a quantitative determination of the individual contributions of the partial strain release and the additional factor to the overall lowering of the transition state energy. Analysis of the data reveals the following: (a) There is no contribution of the additional factor to rate enhancement in four membered rings for first row elements (O and N) and only a small contribution (approximately 2 kcal) for second row elements (S and P). This is to be compared with a contribution of 7-17 kcal for three membered rings. (b) A significant synergistic effect is observed. Thus, in housane, for example, the additional factor amounts to 12.7 kcal which is more (by nearly 5 kcal) than the sum of the individual contributions of the isolated three and four membered rings. (c) The magnitude of the additional factor was found to be Periodic Table row dependent.

The managerial nature of case management.

Case managers have been viewed as engaging in direct practice, community practice, or both. This article offers a third view: Case managers also engage in the practice of management. Employing Mintzberg's seminal research on chief executive behavior, the authors argue that case managers' work is similarly characterized by brevity, variety, and fragmentation. Case managers perform the 10 roles developed in Mintzberg's original study. These roles are divided into three groups: interpersonal, including figurehead, leader, and liaison; informational, including monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson; and decision-making, including entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. Case managers' tasks associated with each role are presented. Considering their work as managerial in nature will help case managers more effectively assist clients in goal achievement.

Inpatient and outpatient outcomes in Missouri's alcohol and drug treatment programs.

A comparison of the effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient services for alcohol and drug clients is presented. Controls for program completion and severity of substance use on entry to treatment are included. While inpatients do only as well as outpatients overall, inpatient services show significant advantage for particular classes of clients. Results, though preliminary, suggest that the recent call for a cutback in inpatient services is premature.

A state-wide assessment: marital stability and client outcomes.

This paper presents results of Missouri's first statewide evaluation of alcohol and drug treatment programs. The study utilized a 1-year follow-up sample of 242 respondents to explore the nature and patterns of post-treatment functioning. This paper focuses on the impact of client marital stability on post-treatment substance use. The data supported the expected result that marital status was related to post-treatment relapse. Further analysis suggests that transitional periods between marriage and divorce are especially important in understanding the pattern of relapse after treatment. Multivariate analysis indicates that the marital status effect is important both directly and in interaction with program completion. The data suggest that attention to transitional states and interpersonal functioning should be incorporated into client follow-up.

Synthesis and field bioassay of some analogs of sex pheromone of citrus mealybug,Planococcus citri (Risso).

A series of structural analogs of (s+)-cis-(1R)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutanemethanol acetate, sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug,Planococcus citri (Risso), was synthesized. The analogs were tested in a field bioassay in order to determine the structure-activity relationships of the pheromone. All changes in structure reduced the activity of the test compounds, to various degrees. The most active analog tested was the homolog (+)-cis-(1R)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutaneethanol acetate (IV), whose activity, at a higher dosage, was comparable to that of the pheromone. The alcohol (+)-cis-(1R)-3-isopropenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutanemethanol was tested in mixtures with the pheromone and found to be neither an inhibitor nor a Synergist. The results show that all functional groups of the pheromone molecule are essential for optimal biological activity.

Human service management: the art of interpersonal relationships.

The authors focus on the importance of interpersonal skills for the human service manager. Utilizing the significant replication of Mintzberg's study, with eight human services managers, the primacy of communication skills is emphasized. The authors conclude that management is a contingency activity; that personnel require contact to verify their feelings, attitudes, and decisions; and that organizational issues are essentially political in nature and respond to political solutions. Counsel, negotiation, persuasion, and consensus-building are viewed as corollaries of sound interpersonal skills.