Companionship in labour: do the personality characteristics of labour supporters influence their effectiveness.

Recent research has revealed beneficial post-partum, psychosocial effects on the mother following labour which was accompanied by supportive companions. Whether these effects are obtained as a result of having companionship during labour or because of specific personality characteristics of the companions provided is important and is explored in this paper. Although findings revealed few differences in adjustment between women who were supported by different companions, some variability in the postpartum state anxiety and depression scores were noted which suggest that selection of an appropriate supporter is an important aspect of such programmes.

Labor experience, maternal mood and cortisol and catecholamine levels in low-risk primiparous women.

This exploratory, prospective study was set up to determine the relationship between cortisol and catecholamine levels and labor experience and postpartum maternal mood. It was performed at the Coronation Hospital, which serves a low-income urban population in Johannesburg. Blood samples were taken from 189 low-risk primiparous women in active first stage of labor and analyzed for cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. The stress hormone levels were then correlated with maternal anxiety, depression and self-esteem scores, and changes associated with mothers' labor experience and pain. Patients who were distressed and required analgesia had higher cortisol levels. Those who described a more positive labor experience at 24 hours also had higher cortisol levels. There were no significant correlations between psychological test scores and stress hormone levels. Both labor pain at the time and a more positive recollected labor experience were associated with high cortisol levels. Cortisol and catecholamine levels in labor did not correlate with postpartum psychological test scores.

Postpartum depression and companionship in the clinical birth environment: a randomized, controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Postpartum depression is a common feature of childbearing and is the cause of considerable morbidity. We have explored the possibility that clinically oriented care during labor may contribute to its occurrence. STUDY DESIGN: Of 189 nulliparous women laboring in a familiar community hospital, 92 were allocated by randomized, sealed envelopes to receive additional companionship from one of three volunteer labor companions recruited from the community. RESULTS: The group receiving support attained higher self-esteem scores and lower postpartum depression and anxiety ratings 6 weeks after delivery. CONCLUSION: In the clinical labor environment companionship modifies factors that contribute to the development of postnatal depression. We emphasize the importance of paying attention to the psychosocial environment in which labor takes place, to facilitate adaptation to parenthood.

Social support in labor--a selective review.

Support during labor has been offered by a variety of different people, including fathers, professional medical staff, trained labor coaches and monitrices, untrained lay supporters and family and friends. A comparison of the various findings shows that support given by trained or lay untrained female supporters, who are not necessarily known to the laboring woman, yields the most extensive, methodologically sound, and consistently positive effects on obstetric and psychosocial outcomes. Although trained labor coaches have been shown to exert a positive effect on outcome, the results of doula support are the most impressive when both methodology and outcome effects are considered. Studies of father support have yielded contradictory findings, although women do appear to value their presence in most studies. Family and friends have not been shown to influence outcomes. Support from professional medical staff is rare, but when given, has, in some cases, had a positive effect. These findings are important for the field, since the use of lay supporters constitutes a low-cost preventive intervention. The inclusion of lay supportive women is also consistent with traditional practices in most countries in the world.

Companionship to modify the clinical birth environment: effects on progress and perceptions of labour, and breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of supportive companionship on labour and various aspects of adaptation to parenthood, and thus by inference the adverse effects of a clinically orientated labour environment on these processes. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: A community hospital familiar to most of the participants, with a conventional, clinically-orientated labour ward. SUBJECTS: Nulliparous women in uncomplicated labour. INTERVENTION: Supportive companionship from volunteers from the community with no medical nor nursing experience, concentrating on comfort, reassurance and praise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of labour, use of analgesia, perceptions of labour and breastfeeding success. RESULTS: Companionship had no measurable effect on the progress of labour. Diastolic blood pressure and use of analgesia were modestly but significantly reduced. The support group were more likely to report that they felt that they had coped well during labour (60 vs 24%, P less than 0.00001). Their mean labour pain scores (26.0 vs 44.2, P less than 0.00001) and state anxiety scores (28.2 vs 37.8, P less than 0.00001) were lower than those of the control group. Compared with the control group (n = 75), at 6 weeks women in the support group (n = 74) were more likely to be breastfeeding exclusively (51 vs 29%, P less than 0.01); and to be feeding at flexible intervals (81 vs 47%, P less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Labour in a clinical environment may undermine women's feelings of competence, perceptions of labour, confidence in adapting to parenthood and initiation of successful breastfeeding. These effects may be reduced by the provision of additional companionship during labour aimed to promote self-esteem.