Impact of Pretransplant Panel-Reactive Antibody Level on Renal Graft Survival in Patients With a Negative Crossmatch and No Donor-Specific Antibody.

BACKGROUND: Patients with high panel-reactive antibody (PRA) levels before transplantation tend to remain on the waiting list longer when considering cadaveric donor transplantation and have worse outcomes than those with lower PRA levels. This study investigated the impact of the pretransplantation PRA level on rejection and graft survival after kidney transplantation in patients with a negative crossmatch (CXM(-)) and no donor-specific antibody (DSA(-)). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 513 recipients of kidney allograft treated from January 2009 to April 2013. Those who tested positive on crossmatching, had donor-specific antibodies, were ABO incompatible, or had no PRA level data were excluded (n = 130). The remaining patients were stratified into 3 groups according to their PRA levels: group I, PRA = 0 (314 [80.1%]); group II, PRA ≤50% (27 [7.2%]); and group III, PRA >50% (27 [7.2%]). Graft failure was defined as a return to dialysis, transplant nephrectomy, or death with a functioning kidney. RESULTS: The mean patient follow-up was 30.4 ± 4.6 months. The rejection rate was 20.1% (group I, 18.5% [n = 58] vs group II, 23.8% [n = 10] vs group III, 33.3% [n = 9] [P = .053]). The graft failure rate was 21.7% (group I, 6.4% [n = 20] vs group II. 7.1% [n = 3] vs group III, 7.4% [n = 7] [P = .792]), and the 3-year graft survival rates were 96.3, 92.4, and 92.5%, respectively (P = .851). CONCLUSIONS: The pretransplant PRA level was not significantly associated with graft survival in patients with CXM(-) and DSA(-). However, the rejection rate tended toward significance as the PRA level increased (P = .053).

Decreased Bcl-6 and increased Blimp-1 in the peritoneal cavity of patients with endometriosis.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: The authors investigated the expression patterns of interleukin (IL)-lß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cytokines associated with peritoneal inflammatory reactions, and of B cell leukemia lymphoma (Bcl)-6 and B lymphocyte inducer of maturation program (Blimp)-1, transcriptional factors associated with immunoglobulin (Ig) production; the concentrations of Igs, and their correlation, in patients with and without endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors analyzed the peritoneal fluid of 98 patients, 46 with endometriosis, and 52 with benign tumors. RESULTS: IL-1 and TNF-α mRNAs and IgG and IgA concentrations were higher in the endometriosis group, but the differences were not statistically significant. However, Bcl-6 mRNA level was significantly lower and Blimp-1 mRNA level was significantly higher in the endometriosis group with significant correlations among transcriptional factors, Igs, and cytokines (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Peritoneal immune responses in patients with endometriosis may be due to increased IgG and IgA concentrations, as well as to changes in expression of proinflammatory cytokines and transcriptional factors.

Endovascular coil embolization of aneurysms with a branch incorporated into the sac.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Because of the concern for occlusion of the incorporated branch artery, an aneurysm with a branch incorporated into the sac has been regarded as a contraindication for coiling. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, techniques, and clinical and angiographic outcomes of coiling for aneurysms with a branch incorporated into the sac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records and radiologic studies of 69 patients with 79 aneurysms having a branch incorporated into the sac (26 ruptured, 53 unruptured) were retrospectively reviewed and evaluated. RESULTS: Coiling was accomplished in 78 aneurysms in 68 patients but was suspended in 1 due to incorporated branch occlusion. The aneurysms were treated by using the following techniques: single-catheter (n = 37), multicatheter (n = 22), balloon-remodeling (n = 7), stent-assisted coiling (n = 6), and combined (n = 7). Postembolization angiography revealed the following: near-complete occlusion in 71 (89.8%), remnant neck in 4 (5.1%), and incomplete occlusion in 4 (5.1%) aneurysms. Procedure-related permanent morbidity and mortality rates were 5.8% (4/69) and 0%, respectively. All patients with unruptured aneurysms had a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0, except for 1 patient who had an mRS score of 3. Of the 26 patients with ruptured aneurysms, 18 had favorable outcome (mRS 0-2) but 8 had poor outcome (mRS 3-6). Follow-up angiography was available at least once at 6-50 months (mean, 15 months) in 55 aneurysms (69.6%), of which 45 showed stable or improved occlusion; 4, minor recurrences; and 6, major recurrences. All 6 major recurrent aneurysms were retreated without complication by using a single-catheter (n = 1), multicatheter (n = 2), or balloon-assisted technique (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate techniques, most aneurysms with a branch incorporated into the sac could be safely treated by coiling, with acceptable outcomes.

Clinical and angiographic follow-up of stent-only therapy for acute intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Little has been known about the clinical and angiographic follow-up results of stent-only therapy for intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms (VBDA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, clinical, and angiographic follow-up of stent-only therapy for VBDA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with 29 VBDAs (11 ruptured, 18 unruptured), not suitable for deconstructive treatment, underwent stent-only therapy. Feasibility, safety, clinical, and angiographic follow-up were retrospectively evaluated. Angiographic outcomes were compared between single-stent and multiple-stent groups. RESULTS: All attempted stent placements were successfully accomplished without any treatment-related complication. Of the 11 ruptured VBDAs, 4 were treated by single stents, 6 by double overlapping stents, and 1 by triple overlapping stents. Of the 18 unruptured VBDAs, 6 were treated by stents, and 12 by double overlapping stents. One patient with a ruptured VBDA, treated by single stent, had rebleeding and died. None of the remaining patients had posttreatment bleeding during follow-up (mean, 28 months; range, 7-50 months). Eight patients with ruptured VBDA and all patients with unruptured VBDA had excellent outcomes (modified Rankin Scale, 0-1). The remaining 2 patients with ruptured VBDA were moderately disabled because of the initial damage. Angiographic follow-up was available in 27 VBDAs, 4 to 42 months (mean, 12 months) after treatment. Follow-up angiograms revealed complete obliteration of the dissecting aneurysm in 12, partial obliteration in 12, stable in 1, enlargement in 1, and in-stent occlusion in 1. Angiographic improvement (complete or partial obliteration) was more frequent in the multiple-stent group (17/17) than in the single-stent group (7/9; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this small series, stent-only therapy was safe and effective in the treatment of VBDAs that were not deemed suitable for treatment with parent-artery occlusion.

Validation of tissue-specific promoter-driven tumor-targeting trans-splicing ribozyme system as a multifunctional cancer gene therapy device in vivo.

A trans-splicing ribozyme that can specifically reprogram human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) RNA was previously suggested as a useful tool for tumor-targeted gene therapy. In this study, we applied transcriptional targeting with the RNA replacement approach to target liver cancer cells by combining a liver-selective promoter with an hTERT-mediated cancer-specific ribozyme. To validate effects of this system in vivo, we constructed an adenovirus encoding for the hTERT-targeting trans-splicing ribozyme under the control of a liver-selective phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter. We observed that intratumoral injection of this virus produced selective and efficient regression of tumors that had been subcutaneously inoculated with hTERT-positive liver cancer cells in mice. Importantly, the trans-splicing reaction worked equally well in a nude mouse model of hepatocarcinoma-derived peritoneal carcinomatosis, inducing the highly specific expression of a transgene, and moreover, the efficient regression of the hTERT-positive liver tumors with minimal liver toxicity when systemically delivered with the adenovirus. In addition to the observed hTERT-dependent therapeutic gene induction, significant reductions in the levels of hTERT RNA (approximately 75%) were also observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a cancer-specific RNA replacement approach using trans-splicing ribozyme with a tissue-selective promoter represents a promising strategy for cancer treatment.

Management and clinical outcome of acute basilar artery dissection.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There have been inconsistencies on the prognosis and controversies as to the proper management of acute basilar artery dissection. The aim of this study was to evaluate acute basilar artery dissection and its outcome after management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 patients (mean age, 53 years; range, 24-78 years) with acute basilar artery dissection were identified between January 2001 and October 2007. Clinical presentation, management, and outcomes were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: The patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 10), brain stem ischemia (n = 10), or stem compression sign (n = 1). Ruptured basilar artery dissections were treated by stent placement with coiling (n = 4), single stent placement (n = 3), or conservatively (n = 3). Of the patients treated with endovascular technique, 6 had favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale [mRS], 0-2) and the remaining patient, who was treated by single stent placement, died from rebleeding. All 3 conservatively managed patients experienced rebleeding, of whom 2 died and the other was moderately disabled. Unruptured basilar artery dissections were treated conservatively (n = 7) or by stent placement (n = 4). Of the patients with unruptured basilar artery dissection, 9 had favorable outcome and the remaining 2 patients, both of whom were conservatively managed, had poor outcome because of infarct progression. The group with the ruptured basilar artery dissection revealed a higher mortality rate than the group with the unruptured dissection (30% vs 0%). The group treated with endovascular means revealed more favorable outcome than the group that was treated with conservative measures (90.9% vs 50%). CONCLUSION: The ruptured basilar artery dissections were at high risk for rebleeding, resulting in a grave outcome. Stent placement with or without coiling may be considered to prevent rebleeding in ruptured basilar dissections and judiciously considered in unruptured dissections with signs of progressive brain stem ischemia.

Clinical outcome and ischemic complication after treatment of anterior choroidal artery aneurysm: comparison between surgical clipping and endovascular coiling.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although coiling has been favorably comparable with clipping for treatment of most intracranial aneurysms, there is a controversy on which modality is safer for anterior choroidal artery (AchoA) aneurysm. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical outcomes and treatment-related complications after surgical clipping and endovascular coiling of AchoA aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-three AchoA aneurysms were recruited from 1895 intracranial aneurysms, which were treated either by surgical clipping or by endovascular coiling in 4 institutions between May 1999 and December 2006. The AchoA aneurysms were dichotomized according to the modality of treatment, the coil group (37 patients; 38 aneurysms) and the clip group (35 patients; 35 aneurysms). Clinical outcomes and incidence of treatment-related complications between 2 groups and the factors influencing the clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no rebleeding in both groups during follow-up, for 4-72 months (mean, 27 months) in the coil group and for 3-84 months (mean, 34 months) in the clip group. In the coil group, 31 patients (83.8%) had favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score [mRS], 0-3). In the clip group, 31 patients (88.6%) had favorable outcome. The complication of coiling was transient contralateral hemiparesis in 2 patients, who recovered completely. The complications of clipping were permanent contralateral hemiparesis due to AchoA infarction in 4 patients and third-nerve palsy in 1 patient. Hunt and Hess grade 4 or 5 and AchoA infarction were significantly correlated with poor outcome (mRS, < or =4). Clipping had significantly higher incidence of AchoA infarction than coiling (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Coiling of AchoA aneurysms appears comparable with clipping in clinical outcome and prevention of rebleeding, with significantly lower incidence of AchoA infarction than clipping.

Development of a new pulsatile extracorporeal life support device incorporating a dual pulsatile blood pump.

A new pulsatile extracorporeal life support device (ECLS) has been developed, designed to sustain pulsatile blood flow during emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitations and cardiopulmonary operations. This device features two identical pulsatile pumps that operate alternately and can therefore provide blood inflow in a more uniform manner than similar systems featuring a single-pump configuration. In order to confirm the presumed benefits of this newly-developed dual pulsatile pump configuration, we have conducted a series of in vitro experiments designed to compare the properties of the new system with a single pump system, specifically with regard to pump delivery rate and active filling efficiency. Our results reveal that the dual pump configuration can, indeed, deliver a higher flow than can the single-pump system, and exhibits an active filling efficiency superior to that of the single-pump configuration. We performed a series of animal experiments to measure the pulsatility of the dual-pump configuration in terms of equivalent energy pressure (EEP). In order to measure EEP, we measured femoral arterial pressure and pump outflow. The results of our animal experiments revealed that the newly-developed pulstile ECLS exhibits sufficient pulsatility in terms of the EEP considerations.

Recent progress of moving-actuator type mechanical circulatory support systems: AnyHeart and T-PLS.

The mechanical circulatory support system using moving-actuator mechanisms were developed by Seoul National University and Korea University. AnyHeart is a fully implanted pulsatile bi-ventricular assist device, and T-PLS is a pulsatile flow versatile extracorporeal life support system. Through lots of in-vitro and in-vivo experiments, the developed mechanical systems are faced to produce on commercial scale. This paper describes the recent progress of two mechanical circulatory support systems, AnyHeart and T-PLS.

Applications of the pulsatile flow versatile ECLS: in vivo studies.

INTRODUCTION: T-PLS (Twin-Pulse Life Support) is the first commercial pulsatile ECLS (Extra Corporeal Life Support) device (1). The dual sac structure of T-PLS can effectively reduce high membrane oxygenator inlet pressure and hemolysis. To verify both the use of T-PLS for ECLS and the advantages of T-PLS, we tested various models. METHOD AND RESULTS: In the partial CPB (cardio pulmonary bypass) model (swine), T-PLS (N = 6), and Biopump (N = 2), a single pulsatile pump (N = 2), were compared. In the case of single pulsatile flow, during pump systole, pressure increased to 700 - 800 mmHg at the inlet port of the membrane oxygenator. fHb, a hemolysis measurement value, was about 80 mg/dL at 3 hours. On the contrary, because of T-PLS's dual sac system, the pressure of T-PLS had a maximum value of about 250 mmHg and fHb was similar to that of the commercial centrifugal pumps. In the total CPB model (bovine, N = 6), the heart was stopped via cardioplegia (Kcl). T-PLS flow was maintained at 3.0-4.5 L/min. T-PLS functioned like a natural heart, having a pulse pressure of 26-43 mmHg and a pulse rate of 40-60 bpm (beats per minute). In the emergency case model (canine, N = 6), T-PLS was started 10 minutes after cardiac arrest from electronic shock. In spite of cardiac arrest for a period of 40 minutes, the heart was recovered after defibrillation. In the ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) model (canine, N = 6), minimal ventilator parameters were set: tidal volume 130 ml, respiration rate = bpm, FiO2 = 10%. Three hours after starting T-PLS, PO2 of the carotid artery blood (after 2 hours: 195 +/- 89.4; after 3 hours: 258 +/- 99.3 mmHg) was above half the value of the femoral artery but was within normal range. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that a portable pulsatile ECLS like T-PLS may be used as a CPB device and as an alternative CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) device in the case of cardiac arrest. Due to the pulsatile flow, oxygenated blood is delivered to the patient without overloading the ARDS patients heart.

C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice have similar neutrophil response to acute Streptococcus pneumoniae sinus infections.

BACKGROUND: Previous investigations have shown that mice with a tendency toward a T(H)1 or T(H)2 lymphocyte response manifest different reactions to inoculation with the parasite Leishmania major. BALB/c mice (with a tendency for a T(H)2 response) showed evidence of systemic infection, whereas C57Bl/6 mice (with a tendency for a T(H)1 response) showed only a local reaction. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice respond differently to acute bacterial infection of the sinuses. METHODS: We inoculated the nasal cavities of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae (type ATCC59), or with broth as a control. The mice were humanely killed 2, 5, 10, and 14 days after inoculation. Their heads were fixed, decalcified, and embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the degree of inflammation was quantified by the number of neutrophils per square millimeter of the sinus mucosa and the percentage of the sinus cavity occupied by neutrophil clusters. RESULTS: Both groups of mice showed evidence of inflammation that was significantly greater than controls (P =.01), with no difference between groups. There was a correlation between the number of neutrophils per square millimeter in the sinus mucosa and the percentage of neutrophil clusters (C57Bl/6 mice, r = 0.37, P<.001; BALB/c mice, r = 0.20, P<.001). In the infected mice, the number of infiltrating neutrophils was significantly greater (P<.001) in anatomically lower (dependent) areas of the sinuses compared with the upper areas. CONCLUSION: Unlike leishmaniasis, acute bacterial sinusitis is not affected by the tendency of the host to favor either a T(H)1 or T(H)2 response.

Chemical characteristics and leachability of organically contaminated heavy metal sludge solidified by silica fume and cement.

This paper discusses the development of mixtures with silica fume as a stabilization/solidification agent and binder for industrial wastewater residue containing organic and heavy metal contaminants. The UCS (Unconfined Compressive Strength) gradually increased to 66.7% as the silica fume content increased to 15%. The leaching of TOC and chromium decreased as more OPC was substituted with silica fume. When the mix had 5% silica fume, it retained about 85% TOC, and chromium leached out 0.76 mg-Cr/g-Cr in acidic solution. Also, microstructural studies on the solidified wastes through the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the silica fume caused an inhibition to the ettringite formation which did not contribute to setting, but coated the cement particles and retarded the setting reactions. The results indicated that the incorporation of silica fume into the cement matrix minimized the detrimental effects of organic materials on the cement hydration reaction and contaminant leachability.

Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura causing recurrent hypoglycemia; immunohistochemical stain of insulin-like growth factor i receptor in three cases.

We present three cases of malignant solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura (SFTP) that produced recurrent hypoglycemia. Removal of the tumors produced normoglycemia. The tumors were well circumscribed and lobulated, and consisted of firm masses weighing 1,150 g to 1,450 g with the greatest diameter of 15 to 20 cm. The tumors were composed of spindle cells in fascicles or in a haphazard arrangement and were highly cellular and mitotically active (3-8 mitoses/10 high-power fields), showing histologically malignant features. Ultrastructurally, fibroblastic features of the tumor cells were present. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have been implicated in the presentation of hypoglycemia. The serum insulin and C-peptide levels were not elevated. Serum IGF-I levels were also low with values of 97.4, 157.1 and 51.9 ng/mL (ref. 125-317 ng/mL), respectively. However, tumor cells were strongly positive for IGF-I receptor on immunohistochemical analysis. It is tempting to speculate that IGF-I contributes to the hypoglycemia, even though the circulating levels were low.

Bactrim reduces the inflammatory response in a murine model of acute rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment with an antibiotic (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) reduced the inflammatory response in a murine form of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced rhinosinusitis. DESIGN: We randomized 18 C57BL/6 mice to either treatment with intraperitoneal trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, 30 mg/kg) or no treatment (control). After 2 days, we inoculated all C57BL/6 mice intranasally with a Bactrim-susceptible strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, ATCC 49619, suspended in Trypticase soy broth. At day 5 after bacterial inoculation, we sacrificed the mice and prepared histopathologic sections of their sinuses after culturing their nasal cavities by lavage. SETTING: Animal care facility at a tertiary, academic institution. METHODS: The histopathologic sections of the sinuses were examined in a blind manner for the percent of sinus cavity area occupied by neutrophil clusters, and for the number of neutrophils per square millimeter of sinus mucosa. RESULTS: The Bactrim group had a significantly smaller sinus area occupied by neutrophil clusters (1.58% +/- 1.13 vs 4.38% +/- 3.41; P < 0.05), significantly fewer neutrophils infiltrating the mucosa (58.81 +/- 29.63/mm2 vs 105.85 +/- 48.49/mm2; P < 0.05), and significantly less growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonies in the intranasal cultures (8 few and 1 moderate vs 3 few, 3 moderate, and 1 many; P = 0.05) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: In our murine model of acute rhinosinusitis, Bactrim decreased the number of neutrophil clusters in the sinus cavities, the number of neutrophils infiltrating the sinus mucosa, and the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We propose that our murine model can be used for the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of acute rhinosinusitis.

Long-term use of preservatives on rat nasal respiratory mucosa: effects of benzalkonium chloride and potassium sorbate.

OBJECTIVES: The preservatives benzalkonium chloride (BZC) and potassium sorbate (PS) are widely used, not only for nasal drops, but also for eyedrops and cosmetics. However, there have been many case reports that consider lesions such as dermatitis or conjunctivitis to be the results of irritation induced by BZC or PS. METHODS: We evaluated the histological changes after the long-term administration of BZC or PS on rat nasal respiratory mucosa. Forty rats were used for the BZC group and 40 rats for PS group. Animals in each group were divided into four subgroups The first subgroup received a low-concentration preservative solution that was commonly used for nasal sprays. The second subgroup received a high-concentration preservative solution that was reported to induce dermatitis in humans. The third and fourth subgroups received a steroid mixed preservative solution of low and high concentrations, respectively. The control group was administrated normal saline. After each group received 1, 2, and 4 weeks of topical administration, the symptomatic and histological changes on H&E stain were observed. RESULTS: Sneezing and nasal rubbing with forelegs were observed in almost all subgroups by the seventh day of treatment. The preservatives induced nasal lesions, including intraepithelial glandular formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular hyperplasia, and edematous change. The symptomatic and histological changes were pronounced with the prolonged duration of administration. Similar results were observed in the steroid mixed-solution groups. In the PS steroid mixed-solution group, however, symptoms and nasal lesions were reduced with the prolonged duration of administration. CONCLUSION: It is our finding that even a low-concentration solution of preservative can lead to nasal lesion. Hence there is a strong need to develop both a preservative that can be safely and widely used and a nasal spray without preservatives.

Simple, efficient and successful vitrification of bovine blastocysts using electron microscope grids.

This study demonstrates that higher survival of vitrified-thawed bovine blastocysts can be obtained using electron microscope (EM) grids as embryo containers at freezing, rather than plastic straws. In-vitro produced day 7 bovine blastocysts after in-vitro fertilization (IVF) were vitrified on grids or in straws with EFS40 freezing solution and their survival after thawing was compared. Embryo survival was assessed as re-expanded and hatched rates at 24 and 48 h after thawing respectively. When the effects of exposure to vitrification solution and chilling injury from the freezing procedure were examined, embryo survival in the exposure group (24 h: 100, 48 h: 73.3%) was not different compared with that in the control group (100, 84.4%). After vitrification, the hatched rate of the EM grid group 48 h after thawing (67.8%) was significantly higher than that of the straw group (53.3%) (P < 0.05). Fast developing embryos (expanded blastocyst and early hatching blastocyst stage) showed better resistance to freezing than delayed ones (early blastocyst stage), irrespective of embryo containers (early: 24 h, 57.1 and 48 h, 24.4%; expanded: 84.7 and 60.6%; early hatching: 91.7 and 80.0%) (P < 0.001). When using expanded and early hatching blastocysts, embryo survival rates in the vitrification-EM grid group (67.8, 95.0% respectively) were significantly higher than that of the vitrification-straw group (53.0, 65.0%) at 48 h.

In vivo experiment leading to clinical application of an electrohydraulic ventricular assist device with magnetic coupling.

We developed an electrohydraulic ventricular assist device with magnetic coupling. The integrated system consists of a blood pump, a water conduit for pressure transmission, a bellows type pumping sac, an actuator for transforming the circular motion of a motor to the linear motion of a pusher plate attached to the pumping sac with magnetic coupling, and a controller. The purpose of the coupling was to prevent excessive sucking against the atrial wall. Number 21 Medtronic Hall (Irvine, CA) mechanical valves were used in the inflow and outflow ports of the blood pump. Maximum dynamic stroke volume was 48 ml, and against a mean afterload of 100 mm Hg, maximum pump output was 7 L/min. Chronic in vivo experiments were performed in three sheep, and during these evaluations the system showed no noticeable problems related to mechanical or electronic devices. When left atrial pressure decreased below 0 mm Hg, the magnetic coupling system decoupled the pumping sac and pusher plate with satisfactory reliability. The device was clinically applied in a postoperative patient with chronic dilating cardiomyopathy, and no significant device related problems ensued. These results prove that the electrohydraulic ventricular assist system with magnetic coupling is a suitable ventricular assist device.

Size assessment of adenoid and nasopharyngeal airway by acoustic rhinometry in children.

Adenoid hypertrophy is known as the most common cause of nasal obstruction in children; thus, adenoidectomy with, or without, tonsillectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the paediatric population. Although many methods have been suggested, few studies have reported on how to assess adenoid size, pre-operatively. Acoustic rhinometry is an objective technique as well as a non-invasive method, which can be easily used in young children. This study confirmed that acoustic rhinometry is a non-invasive and objective technique for assessing the geometry of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Forty children were evaluated using symptomology, two different radiological measurements and acoustic rhinometry; the results were compared with endoscopic findings. Clinical symptoms and A/N ratio measured with Fujioka's method significantly correlated with the endoscopic assessment findings (r = 0.769 and 0.604 respectively). Significant increases in the cross-sectional area and volume of the nasopharynx were observed at the adenoid notch after adenoidectomy (p < 0.005 and p < 0.005, respectively). Acoustic rhinometry showed a high degree of correlation of which adenoid occupied the nasopharyngeal airway under endoscopic examination (r = 0.771). Thus, the study concluded that acoustic rhinometry can be as good an objective method for measuring adenoid sizes as endoscopy and can be used as one of the pre-operative examination tools for adenoidectomy.