Combined volar and dorsal plating for complex comminuted distal radial fractures.

PURPOSE: To review outcomes of combined volar and dorsal locked plating for AO type-C3 complex comminuted distal radial fractures. METHODS: Records of 24 patients aged 17 to 77 (mean, 53.3) years who underwent combined volar and dorsal locked plating for AO type-C3 distal radial fractures with volar and dorsal metaphyseal and intra-articular comminution were reviewed. 21 were closed fractures, and 3 were Gustilo-Anderson type-1 open fractures. Bone union, volar tilt, radial inclination, radial height, range of motion, grip strength, and any complications were assessed by a single hand surgeon. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 17 (range, 14-25) months, the mean palmar flexion was 49º (range, 30º-80º), dorsiflexion was 52º (range, 30º-80º), supination was 86º (range, 60º-90º), pronation was 77º (range, 30º-90º), radial deviation was 16º (range, 5º-30º), and ulnar deviation was 27º (range, 10º-50º). The mean grip strength of the injured hand was 69.2% of the uninjured side. The mean time to radiological union was 3.9 (range, 2.5-6.0) months; no patient had non-union. At the time of union, the mean volar tilt was 5º (-22º-14º), radial inclination was 18.6º (8º-28º), and radial height was 8.5 mm (5.0 mm-13.6 mm). One patient had collapse of the dorsal fragment resulting in a dorsal tilt of 22º and limited (30º) forearm pronation. The severity of dorsal metaphyseal comminution had not been recognised and bone grafting was not performed. The patient also had minor complications of little finger flexor tendon irritation and carpal tunnel syndrome. She underwent implant removal and carpal tunnel release at 8 months. One patient had implant-related extensor digitorum communis irritation. Another patient had non-specific chronic wrist pain, which was resolved at one year. No patient had infection, tendon rupture, or complex regional pain syndrome. Four patients underwent implant removal, including 2 who had no implant-related problems. CONCLUSION: Combined volar and dorsal plating enables early mobilisation and good outcome for certain complex comminuted distal radial fractures.

Elevated corticosterone levels during the first postpartum period influence subsequent pregnancy outcomes and behaviours of the dam.

Postpartum depression affects 15% of new mothers and previous depressive episodes increase the risk for postpartum depression. Chronic administration of corticosterone (CORT) to dams during the postpartum period causes depressive-like behaviour and has been used as a model of postpartum depression. To better understand the subsequent progress of this model, we examined whether there were persistent effects of CORT treatment during the dam's first postpartum period on maternal care and mood following a subsequent pregnancy. Sprague-Dawley female rats received either sesame oil (control) or CORT (40 mg/kg) injections for 22 days during their first postpartum period. Subsequently, all females were re-mated for a second time and neither group received treatment during the second postpartum period. Maternal care was observed from days 2-8 of each postpartum period and dams were tested in the forced-swim test on days 21 and 22 of the first and days 4 and 21 of the second postpartum period. As expected, the amount of time spent immobile in the forced-swim test was increased in CORT dams at the end of the first postpartum period; however, the amount of time spent immobile was decreased at the end of the second postpartum period relative to oil dams. Furthermore, dams treated with CORT in first postpartum period gave birth to a smaller litter with a larger male/female sex ratio after their second pregnancy. This implies that elevated stress hormone levels during the first postpartum period have a substantial influence on subsequent postpartum behaviour and litter characteristics. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the effect of parity, experience during first motherhood, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation on postpartum depression.