Heterogenous Expression and Purification of Lipid II Flippase from Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen with strains that are resistant to existing antibiotics. MurJ from S. aureus (SaMurJ), an integral membrane protein functioning as Lipid II flippase, is a potential target for developing new antibacterial agents against this pathogen. Successful expression and purification of this protein shall be useful in the development of drugs against this target. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we demonstrated the optimized expression and purification procedures of SaMurJ, identified suitable detergent for extracting and solubilizing the protein, and examined the peptidisc system to generate a detergent-free environment. METHODS: SaMurJ fused with N-terminal ten-His tag was expressed without induction. Six detergents were selected for screening the most efficient candidate for extraction and solubilization of the protein. The thermostability of the detergent-solubilized protein was assessed by evaluated temperature incubation. Different ratios of peptidisc bi-helical peptide (NSPr) to SaMurJ were mixed and the on-bead peptidisc assembly method was applied. RESULTS: SaMurJ expressed in BL21(DE3) was confirmed by peptide fingerprinting, with a yield of 1 mg SaMurJ per liter culture. DDM was identified as the optimum detergent for solubilization and the nickel affinity column enabled SaMurJ purification with a purity of ~88%. However, NSPr could not stabilize SaMurJ. CONCLUSION: The expression and purification of SaMurJ were successful, with high purity and good yield. SaMurJ can be solubilized and stabilized by a DDM-containing buffer.

Clinical validation of a cell-free DNA fragmentome assay for augmentation of lung cancer early detection.

Lung cancer screening via annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has poor adoption. We conducted a prospective case-control study among 958 individuals eligible for lung cancer screening to develop a blood-based lung cancer detection test that when positive is followed by an LDCT. Changes in genome-wide cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentation profiles (fragmentomes) in peripheral blood reflected genomic and chromatin characteristics of lung cancer. We applied machine learning to fragmentome features to identify individuals who were more or less likely to have lung cancer. We trained the classifier using 576 cases and controls from study samples, and then validated it in a held-out group of 382 cases and controls. The validation demonstrated high sensitivity for lung cancer, and consistency across demographic groups and comorbid conditions. Applying test performance to the screening eligible population in a five-year model with modest utilization assumptions suggested the potential to prevent thousands of lung cancer deaths.

Discovery of a novel class of rosmarinic acid derivatives as antibacterial agents: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action.

Twenty-seven rosmarinic acid derivatives were synthesized, among which compound RA-N8 exhibited the most potent antibacterial ability. The minimum inhibition concentration of RA-N8 against both S. aureus (ATCC 29213) and MRSA (ATCC BAA41 and ATCC 43300) was found to be 6 µg/mL, and RA-N8 killed E. coli (ATCC 25922) at 3 µg/mL in the presence of polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) which increased the permeability of E. coli. RA-N8 exhibited a weak hemolytic effect at the minimum inhibitory concentration. SYTOX Green assay, SEM, and LIVE/DEAD fluorescence staining assay proved that the mode of action of RA-N8 is targeting bacterial cell membranes. Furthermore, no resistance in wildtype S. aureus developed after incubation with RA-N8 for 20 passages. Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated that RA-N8 is non-toxic to the human normal cell line (HFF1). RA-N8 also exerted potent inhibitory ability against biofilm formation of S. aureus and even collapsed the shaped biofilm.

Spatial engineering of single-atom Fe adjacent to Cu-assisted nanozymes for biomimetic O2 activation.

The precise design of single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) and understanding of their biocatalytic mechanisms hold great promise for developing ideal bio-enzyme substitutes. While considerable efforts have been directed towards mimicking partial bio-inspired structures, the integration of heterogeneous SAzymes configurations and homogeneous enzyme-like mechanism remains an enormous challenge. Here, we show a spatial engineering strategy to fabricate dual-sites SAzymes with atomic Fe active center and adjacent Cu sites. Compared to planar Fe-Cu dual-atomic sites, vertically stacked Fe-Cu geometry in FePc@2D-Cu-N-C possesses highly optimized scaffolds, favorable substrate affinity, and fast electron transfer. These characteristics of FePc@2D-Cu-N-C SAzyme induces biomimetic O2 activation through homogenous enzymatic pathway, resembling functional and mechanistic similarity to natural cytochrome c oxidase. Furthermore, it presents an appealing alternative of cytochrome P450 3A4 for drug metabolism and drug-drug interaction. These findings are expected to deepen the fundamental understanding of atomic-level design in next-generation bio-inspired nanozymes.

Fluorescently Modified NDM-1: A Versatile Drug Sensor for Rapid In Vitro ß-Lactam Antibiotic and Inhibitor Screening.

We successfully developed a fluorescent drug sensor from clinically relevant New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 (NDM-1). The F70 residue was chosen to be replaced with a cysteine for conjugation with thiol-reactive fluorescein-5-maleimide to form fluorescent F70Cf, where "f" refers to fluorescein-5-maleimide. Our proteolytic studies of unlabeled F70C and labeled F70Cf monitored by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed that fluorescein-5-maleimide was specifically linked to C70 in 1:1 mole ratio (F70C:fluorophore). Our drug sensor (F70Cf) can detect the ß-lactam antibiotics cefotaxime and cephalothin by giving stronger fluorescence in the initial binding phase and then declining fluorescence signals as a result of the hydrolysis of the antibiotics into acid products. F70Cf can also detect non-ß-lactam inhibitors (e.g., l-captopril, d-captopril, dl-thiorphan, and thanatin). In all cases, F70Cf exhibits stronger fluorescence due to inhibitor binding and subsequently sustained fluorescence signals in a later stage. Native ESI-MS results show that F70Cf can bind to all four inhibitors. Moreover, our drug sensor is compatible with a high-throughput microplate reader and has the capability to perform in vitro drug screening.

Glutamine antagonist DRP-104 suppresses tumor growth and enhances response to checkpoint blockade in KEAP1 mutant lung cancer.

Loss-of-function mutations in KEAP1 frequently occur in lung cancer and are associated with poor prognosis and resistance to standard of care treatment, highlighting the need for the development of targeted therapies. We previously showed that KEAP1 mutant tumors consume glutamine to support the metabolic rewiring associated with NRF2-dependent antioxidant production. Here, using preclinical patient-derived xenograft models and antigenic orthotopic lung cancer models, we show that the glutamine antagonist prodrug DRP-104 impairs the growth of KEAP1 mutant tumors. We find that DRP-104 suppresses KEAP1 mutant tumors by inhibiting glutamine-dependent nucleotide synthesis and promoting antitumor T cell responses. Using multimodal single-cell sequencing and ex vivo functional assays, we demonstrate that DRP-104 reverses T cell exhaustion, decreases Tregs, and enhances the function of CD4 and CD8 T cells, culminating in an improved response to anti-PD1 therapy. Our preclinical findings provide compelling evidence that DRP-104, currently in clinical trials, offers a promising therapeutic approach for treating patients with KEAP1 mutant lung cancer.

Cholangiocarcinoma across England: Temporal changes in incidence, survival and routes to diagnosis by region and level of socioeconomic deprivation.

Background & Aims: While cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) incidence and mortality rates are increasing globally, whether there are regional/temporal variations in these rates for different biliary tract cancer (BTC) subtypes, or whether they differ by sex, socioeconomic status, or route to diagnosis (RtD) remains unknown. In this work, we aimed to perform an in-depth analysis of data on the incidence, mortality, survival and RtD of CCA and other BTCs. Methods: Data on all BTCs diagnosed in England between 2001 and 2018 were extracted from NHS Digital's National Cancer Registration Dataset. Age-standardised incidence rates (ASRs), mortality rates (ASMRs) and net survival rates were calculated, and Kaplan-Meier overall survival estimates and RtD trends were analysed. Analyses were stratified by sex, socioeconomic deprivation, tumour subtype and region. Results: The ASR for CCA rose from 2.9 in 2001-2003 to 4.6 in 2016-2018 and from 1.0 to 1.8 for gallbladder cancers (GBCs). ASMR trends mirror those of incidence, with most deaths due to iCCA. Over 20% of patients with CCA were under 65 years old. The ASRs and ASMRs were consistently higher in the most socioeconomically deprived group for CCA and GBC. The most common RtD was the emergency route (CCA 49.6%, GBC 46.2% and ampulla of Vater cancer 43.0%). The least deprived patients with CCA and ampulla of Vater cancer had better overall survival (p <0.001). Net survival rates rose for all BTCs, with 3-year net survival for CCA increasing from 9.2% in 2001 to 12.6% in 2016-2018. There was notable geographical variation in ASRs, ASMRs and net survival for all BTCs. Conclusions: BTC incidence and mortality rates are increasing, with differences observed between tumour types, socioeconomic deprivation groups, RtDs and geographical regions. This highlights the need for targeted interventions, earlier diagnosis and better awareness of this condition amongst the public and healthcare professionals. Impact and implications: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) incidence and mortality rates are rising globally, particularly for intrahepatic CCA. However, it has not previously been reported if, within a single country, there are temporal and regional differences in incidence, mortality and survival rates for different biliary tract subtypes, and whether these differ by sex, socioeconomic status, or route of diagnosis. In this study we show that mortality rates for patients with CCA continue to rise and are almost 40% higher in the most socioeconomically deprived compared to the least; additionally, we observed regional variation within England in incidence, mortality and survival. This study is relevant to researchers and policy makers as it highlights regional variation and inequality, as well as emphasising the need for earlier diagnosis and better awareness of this condition amongst the public and healthcare professionals.

A Phase 1/2 multicenter trial of DKN-01 as monotherapy or in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

BACKGROUND: Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is a Wingless-related integrate site (Wnt) signaling modulator that is upregulated in prostate cancers (PCa) with low androgen receptor expression. DKN-01, an IgG4 that neutralizes DKK1, delays PCa growth in pre-clinical DKK1-expressing models. These data provided the rationale for a clinical trial testing DKN-01 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC). METHODS: This was an investigator-initiated parallel-arm phase 1/2 clinical trial testing DKN-01 alone (monotherapy) or in combination with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 (combination) for men with mCRPC who progressed on ≥1 AR signaling inhibitors. DKK1 status was determined by RNA in-situ expression. The primary endpoint of the phase 1 dose escalation cohorts was the determination of the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). The primary endpoint of the phase 2 expansion cohorts was objective response rate by iRECIST criteria in patients treated with the combination. RESULTS: 18 pts were enrolled into the study-10 patients in the monotherapy cohorts and 8 patients in the combination cohorts. No DLTs were observed and DKN-01 600 mg was determined as the RP2D. A best overall response of stable disease occurred in two out of seven (29%) evaluable patients in the monotherapy cohort. In the combination cohort, five out of seven (71%) evaluable patients had a partial response (PR). A median rPFS of 5.7 months was observed in the combination cohort. In the combination cohort, the median tumoral DKK1 expression H-score was 0.75 and the rPFS observed was similar between patients with DKK1 H-score ≥1 versus H-score = 0. CONCLUSION: DKN-01 600 mg was well tolerated. DKK1 blockade has modest anti-tumor activity as a monotherapy for mCRPC. Anti-tumor activity was observed in the combination cohorts, but the response duration was limited. DKK1 expression in the majority of mCRPC is low and did not clearly correlate with anti-tumor activity of DKN-01 plus docetaxel.

Acquired Cross-Resistance in Small Cell Lung Cancer due to Extrachromosomal DNA Amplification of MYC Paralogs.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) presents as a highly chemosensitive malignancy but acquires cross-resistance after relapse. This transformation is nearly inevitable in patients but has been difficult to capture in laboratory models. Here, we present a preclinical system that recapitulates acquired cross-resistance, developed from 51 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Each model was tested in vivo against three clinical regimens: cisplatin plus etoposide, olaparib plus temozolomide, and topotecan. These drug-response profiles captured hallmark clinical features of SCLC, such as the emergence of treatment-refractory disease after early relapse. For one patient, serial PDX models revealed that cross-resistance was acquired through MYC amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA). Genomic and transcriptional profiles of the full PDX panel revealed that MYC paralog amplifications on ecDNAs were recurrent in relapsed cross-resistant SCLC, and this was corroborated in tumor biopsies from relapsed patients. We conclude that ecDNAs with MYC paralogs are recurrent drivers of cross-resistance in SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: SCLC is initially chemosensitive, but acquired cross-resistance renders this disease refractory to further treatment and ultimately fatal. The genomic drivers of this transformation are unknown. We use a population of PDX models to discover that amplifications of MYC paralogs on ecDNA are recurrent drivers of acquired cross-resistance in SCLC. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 695.

Adeno-to-squamous transition drives resistance to KRAS inhibition in LKB1 mutant lung cancer.

KRASG12C inhibitors (adagrasib and sotorasib) have shown clinical promise in targeting KRASG12C-mutated lung cancers; however, most patients eventually develop resistance. In lung patients with adenocarcinoma with KRASG12C and STK11/LKB1 co-mutations, we find an enrichment of the squamous cell carcinoma gene signature in pre-treatment biopsies correlates with a poor response to adagrasib. Studies of Lkb1-deficient KRASG12C and KrasG12D lung cancer mouse models and organoids treated with KRAS inhibitors reveal tumors invoke a lineage plasticity program, adeno-to-squamous transition (AST), that enables resistance to KRAS inhibition. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses reveal ΔNp63 drives AST and modulates response to KRAS inhibition. We identify an intermediate high-plastic cell state marked by expression of an AST plasticity signature and Krt6a. Notably, expression of the AST plasticity signature and KRT6A at baseline correlates with poor adagrasib responses. These data indicate the role of AST in KRAS inhibitor resistance and provide predictive biomarkers for KRAS-targeted therapies in lung cancer.

EML4-ALK fusions drive lung adeno-to-squamous transition through JAK-STAT activation.

Human lung adenosquamous cell carcinoma (LUAS), containing both adenomatous and squamous pathologies, exhibits strong cancer plasticity. We find that ALK rearrangement is detectable in 5.1-7.5% of human LUAS, and transgenic expression of EML4-ALK drives lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) formation initially and squamous transition at late stage. We identify club cells as the main cell-of-origin for squamous transition. Through recapitulating lineage transition in organoid system, we identify JAK-STAT signaling, activated by EML4-ALK phase separation, significantly promotes squamous transition. Integrative study with scRNA-seq and immunostaining identify a plastic cell subpopulation in ALK-rearranged human LUAD showing squamous biomarker expression. Moreover, those relapsed ALK-rearranged LUAD show notable upregulation of squamous biomarkers. Consistently, mouse squamous tumors or LUAD with squamous signature display certain resistance to ALK inhibitor, which can be overcome by combined JAK1/2 inhibitor treatment. This study uncovers strong plasticity of ALK-rearranged tumors in orchestrating phenotypic transition and drug resistance and proposes a potentially effective therapeutic strategy.

Impulse control and related behavioral disorders (ICRD) in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease treated with different dopamine agonists in Hong Kong: Is any dopamine agonist better?

Objective: To assess the incidence of Impulse control and related behavioral disorders (ICRD) in Chinese Idiopathic Parkinson Disease (IPD) patients treated with different dopamine agonists (DA), and their clinical characteristics and associated risk factors. Methods: This was an observational cohort study based on clinical interviews and medical records of IPD patients treated with DA for >6 months in three hospitals in Hong Kong. The short version of Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (QUIP-S) was used to screen for ICRD. ICRD incidence among different DA, clinical characteristics and risk factors were examined. Results: Incidence of ICRD was analyzed in 311 patients taking their first, single DA. 43 patients (13.8 %) developed ICRD. The mean duration of IPD was 8.5 ± 5.6 years and median HY stage was 2.5. Bromocriptine and rotigotine users had lower ICRD incidence rate. Both pramipexole [adjusted HR 7.28 (2.46-21.54), p < 0.001] and ropinirole [adjusted HR 6.53 (2.67-15.99), p < 0.001] were independently associated with higher risk of ICRD compared to bromocriptine in multivariate analysis. Similarly, pramipexole and ropinirole appeared to carry higher risk compared to rotigotine but did not reach statistical significance. Male [adjusted HR 2.24 (1.07-4.72), p = 0.033], younger IPD onset [adjusted HR 2.99 (1.44-6.19) for onset < 50 year, p = 0.003] and history of psychiatric disorders [adjusted HR 2.80 (1.39-5.62), p = 0.004] were other independent risk factors. Conclusion: Bromocriptine and probably rotigotine carried a lower ICRD risk compared to pramipexole and ropinirole.

FGFR inhibition augments anti-PD-1 efficacy in murine FGFR3-mutant bladder cancer by abrogating immunosuppression.

The combination of targeted therapy with immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is an area of intense interest. We studied the interaction of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibition with ICI in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder, in which FGFR3 is altered in 50% of cases. Using an FGFR3-driven, Trp53-mutant genetically engineered murine model (UPFL), we demonstrate that UPFL tumors recapitulate the histology and molecular subtype of their FGFR3-altered human counterparts. Additionally, UPFL1 allografts exhibit hyperprogression to ICI associated with an expansion of T regulatory cells (Tregs). Erdafitinib blocked Treg proliferation in vitro, while in vivo ICI-induced Treg expansion was fully abrogated by FGFR inhibition. Combined erdafitinib and ICI resulted in high therapeutic efficacy. In aggregate, our work establishes that, in mice, co-alteration of FGFR3 and Trp53 results in high-grade, non-muscle-invasive UC and presents a previously underappreciated role for FGFR inhibition in blocking ICI-induced Treg expansion.

EZH2 Inhibition Promotes Tumor Immunogenicity in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Two important factors that contribute to resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are an immune-suppressive microenvironment and limited antigen presentation by tumor cells. In this study, we examine whether inhibition of the methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) can increase ICI response in lung squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC). Our in vitro experiments using two-dimensional human cancer cell lines as well as three-dimensional murine and patient-derived organoids treated with two inhibitors of the EZH2 plus IFNγ showed that EZH2 inhibition leads to expression of both MHC class I and II (MHCI/II) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing confirmed loss of EZH2-mediated histone marks and gain of activating histone marks at key loci. Furthermore, we demonstrate strong tumor control in models of both autochthonous and syngeneic LSCC treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy with EZH2 inhibition. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immune cell profiling demonstrated phenotypic changes toward more tumor suppressive phenotypes in EZH2 inhibitor-treated tumors. These results indicate that EZH2 inhibitors could increase ICI responses in patients undergoing treatment for LSCC. SIGNIFICANCE: The data described here show that inhibition of the epigenetic enzyme EZH2 allows derepression of multiple immunogenicity factors in LSCC, and that EZH2 inhibition alters myeloid cells in vivo. These data support clinical translation of this combination therapy for treatment of this deadly tumor type.

Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Esophageal Cancer.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a heterogenous population, can promote cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, immunosuppression, and therapeutic resistance in solid tumors. These effects are mediated through secretion of cytokines and growth factors, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and providing metabolic support for cancer cells. The presence of CAFs in esophageal carcinoma are associated with reduced overall survival and increased resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; thus, identifying therapeutic vulnerabilities of CAFs is a necessity. In esophageal cancer, the mechanisms for CAF recruitment, CAF-mediated promotion of tumorigenesis, metastatic dissemination, and therapeutic resistance have yet to be fully evaluated. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of CAFs in esophageal cancer, namely in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma, as well as in the preneoplastic conditions that predispose to these cancers. Interestingly, there is a discrepancy in our knowledge of CAF biology between esophageal cancer subtypes, with very few studies in esophageal adenocarcinoma, and its precursor lesion Barrett's esophagus, compared with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We propose that although great strides have been made, certain questions remain to which answers hopefully will emerge to have an impact on biomarker diagnostics and translational therapeutics.

Correction to: Identification of TAZ as the essential molecular switch in orchestrating SCLC phenotypic transition and metastasis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab232.].

Inflammation in the tumor-adjacent lung as a predictor of clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinoma.

Approximately 30% of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients present with disease progression after successful surgical resection. Despite efforts of mapping the genetic landscape, there has been limited success in discovering predictive biomarkers of disease outcomes. Here we performed a systematic multi-omic assessment of 143 tumors and matched tumor-adjacent, histologically-normal lung tissue with long-term patient follow-up. Through histologic, mutational, and transcriptomic profiling of tumor and adjacent-normal tissue, we identified an inflammatory gene signature in tumor-adjacent tissue as the strongest clinical predictor of disease progression. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis demonstrated the progression-associated inflammatory signature was expressed in both immune and non-immune cells, and cell type-specific profiling in monocytes further improved outcome predictions. Additional analyses of tumor-adjacent transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas validated the association of the inflammatory signature with worse outcomes across cancers. Collectively, our study suggests that molecular profiling of tumor-adjacent tissue can identify patients at high risk for disease progression.

Bi-steric mTORC1 inhibitors induce apoptotic cell death in tumor models with hyperactivated mTORC1.

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is commonly dysregulated in cancer. Rapalogs exhibit modest clinical benefit, likely owing to their lack of effects on 4EBP1. We hypothesized that bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitors would have greater potential for clinical benefit than rapalogs in tumors with mTORC1 dysfunction. We assessed this hypothesis in tumor models with high mTORC1 activity both in vitro and in vivo. Bi-steric inhibitors had strong growth inhibition, eliminated phosphorylated 4EBP1, and induced more apoptosis than rapamycin or MLN0128. Multiomics analysis showed extensive effects of the bi-steric inhibitors in comparison with rapamycin. De novo purine synthesis was selectively inhibited by bi-sterics through reduction in JUN and its downstream target PRPS1 and appeared to be the cause of apoptosis. Hence, bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitors are a therapeutic strategy to treat tumors driven by mTORC1 hyperactivation.

Development of a bioengineered Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase to enhance its anti-solid tumor potential for treating gastric cancer.

Asparaginase has been traditionally applied for only treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to its ability to deplete asparagine. However, its ultimate anticancer potential for treating solid tumors has not yet been unleashed. In this study, we bioengineered Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase (ErWT), one of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved types of amino acid depleting enzymes, to achieve double amino acid depletions for treating a solid tumor. We constructed a fusion protein by joining an albumin binding domain (ABD) to ErWT via a linker (GGGGS)5 to achieve ABD-ErS5. The ABD could bind to serum albumin to form an albumin-ABD-ErS5 complex, which could avoid renal clearance and escape from anti-drug antibodies, resulting in a remarkably prolonged elimination half-life of ABD-ErS5. Meanwhile, ABD-ErS5 did not only deplete asparagine but also glutamine for ∼2 weeks. A biweekly administration of ABD-ErS5 (1.5 mg/kg) significantly suppressed tumor growth in an MKN-45 gastric cancer xenograft model, demonstrating a novel approach for treating solid tumor depleting asparagine and glutamine. Multiple administrations of ABD-ErS5 did not cause any noticeable histopathological abnormalities of key organs, suggesting the absence of acute toxicity to mice. Our results suggest ABD-ErS5 is a potential therapeutic candidate for treating gastric cancer.