Isolated primary sebaceous gland carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva.

Purpose: To report a rare case of primary sebaceous gland carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva without palpebral involvement. Observation: A 76-year-old male was referred to the cornea service for a suspicious lesion on the limbal conjunctiva and cornea of his left eye. On exam, there was a large fibrovascular growth with conjunctivalization of the cornea from 2:00 to 10:00 extending 6mm onto the cornea. Patient underwent treatment with 5-fluouracil, followed by excisional biopsy with cryotherapy. Histopathologic examination demonstrated poorly differentiated sebaceous gland carcinoma. Subsequent map biopsies of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva of the left eye were performed and ruled out pagetoid spread. Conclusions and Importance: Primary sebaceous gland carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva without eyelid involvement is a rare phenomenon. Our patient joins a few case reports in the literature. Of these cases, we are the second case to utilize 5-flurouracil preoperatively. We recommend clinicians consider sebaceous carcinoma on their differential when ocular surface neoplasms diagnosed as other conditions do not respond to conventional therapies.

Waste management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) - A barrier to developing circular cities.

The Commercial and Industrial (C&I) waste stream is complex due to the diversity of material generated and variation in businesses by activity and size. Businesses in England generate more waste than households but despite this the C&I waste stream has historically been overlooked in waste policy. Many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) do not segregate dry recyclable materials and biowaste for separate collection leading to resources being wasted. Implementing smarter systems for managing waste from SMEs will be a key component of developing circular cities. In England the government has pledged to improve the management of waste from businesses - however it is uncertain what interventions, if any, it will make. This paper evaluates the mandatory requirement for businesses to separate out dry recyclable materials and biowaste in 42 global cities. The results highlight the patchwork of legislation towards C&I waste with 27 cities having no mandatory requirement for businesses to segregate material. Where the requirement was mandatory, the approach varied from being fully mandated to having exemptions based on the type and size of business, and levels of waste generated. From the legislation in these cities eight scenarios were modelled to assess what impact these interventions could have in England based on waste data collected from 62 SMEs. Mandatory separation of dry recyclable materials and biowaste for all SMEs based on the approach in San Francisco would have the biggest impact leading to 67.2% additional waste being separated - an average of 31.1 kg/week for the SMEs sampled.

Two measured parameters correlated to participation rates in curbside recycling schemes in the UK.

Local authorities in the United Kingdom are currently changing their approach towards recycling as they attempt to meet legislative targets. An important part of this drive is the provision of an effective curbside recycling service and it is vital to understand the parameters that influence the performance of the system offered. In this article, three primary datasets, collected from over 1400 households each, are examined for parameters correlated to participation rates. Two measured parameters were found that are not commonly identified in previous studies of curbside recycling schemes, and they are shown to merit further investigation as useful tools for planning purposes. One is the number of types of material collected; participation rates are greater for schemes collecting more materials. The second is the number of households situated on the same road; the lower the number, the higher the participation rate. In both cases, evidence of the measured correlation is presented, justifying their usefulness for planning. The multiple underlying factors causing the correlations are not identified here, but suggestions are made for further studies.