Correlation between cocoa shell modifications by CTAB and its dye adsorption properties.

Cocoa shell was modified whit sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to increase surface functionality, surface area, and positive charge density. The prepared adsorbent CC-OH-CTAB was used to remove indigo carmine (IC) and bromocresol green (BCG) dyes from water. The optimal pH for IC and BCG adsorption were 2 and 4, respectively. The equilibrium was attained after a contact time of 30 min for IC and 120 min for BCG. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of IC and BCG obtained was 85.1 mg g-1 and 192.7 mg g-1, respectively. The Liu isotherm model best described the equilibrium results. The adsorption kinetics model showed that IC and BCG adsorption onto CC-OH-CTAB followed the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The regeneration and reusability experiments indicated that CC-OH-CTAB had much stability and excellent performance meanwhile repeatedly used. Finally, the insertion of CTAB on the CC-OH surface proved to be an excellent way to improve the adsorption performance of this material concerning dyes.

Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution using a composite made from cocoa cortex and sodium alginate.

The aim of this work was to prepare a composite material based on cocoa cortex and sodium alginate and test it to remove Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution in batch conditions. The composite was characterized using elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), and point of zero charge. The highest amount of adsorbed Cu(II) for the composite was 19.54 mg/g, i.e., 95.32% of an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. Under the same conditions, the cocoa cortex untreated exhibited extremely low adsorption, while when it was treated with hot soda, it adsorbed 13.67 mg/g. Adsorption by the composite reached the equilibrium after 220 min. Kinetic data analysis suggested that the process was governed by adsorption (pseudo-second-order model) and diffusion through macropores and/or mesopores (intra-particle model). The adsorption isotherm that best described the system was Langmuir's. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) was 76.92 mg/g. The values of the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process was spontaneous, with ΔG° values between (- 7.886 and - 9.458 kJ/mol) and endothermic, with ΔH° = 7.728 kJ/mol. Graphical abstract.

Chemical modification of the cocoa shell surface using diazonium salts.

The outer portion of the cocoa bean, also known as cocoa husk or cocoa shell (CS), is an agrowaste material from the cocoa industry. Even though raw CS is used as food additive, garden mulch, and soil conditioner or even burnt for fuel, this biomass material has hardly ever been investigated for further modification. This article proposes a strategy of chemical modification of cocoa shell to add value to this natural material. The study investigates the grafting of aryl diazonium salt on cocoa shell. Different diazonium salts were grafted on the shell surface and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy imaging. Strategies were developed to demonstrate the spontaneous grafting of aryl diazonium salt on cocoa shell and to elucidate that lignin is mainly involved in immobilizing the phenyl layer.

A fixed-bed column for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using an andosol-bagasse mixture.

It is difficult to eliminate phosphate from large volumes of water in batch mode using an adsorbent such as andosol. In a fixed-bed column, andosol has a very low permeability. In this study, andosol was mixed with bagasse to increase permeability. The mixture was then applied for the adsorption of phosphate in a fixed-bed column. Optimum and stable permeability was obtained with a 50/50 mixture of andosol and bagasse. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 4.18 mg/g for a column with a bed depth of 1.8 cm and a flow rate of 4 mL/min. The experimental data fit best to Thomas and Adam-Bohart models. These experimental results were applied in the treatment of natural phosphate-containing water from Yaoundé Municipal Lake in Cameroon. Column performance increased by 60% due to the presence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in the natural water. These cations form complexes with phosphate at the andosol surface. The standard enthalpy 15.964 kj/mol indicated that phosphate adsorption on andosol-bagasse mixture was an endothermic process. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that phosphate adsorption fitted better with a pseudo-second-order model.

Efficiency and chemical recycling capability of magnetite-rich clay towards Eriochrome Black T remediation in the fixed-bed system.

The present study investigates a fixed-bed column by using magnetite-rich clay from Cameroon as an adsorbent for the removal of the Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solution. The effect of various parameters such as bed depths and EBT concentrations was investigated. The Adams-Bohart, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to adsorption under varying experimental conditions to predict the breakthrough curves and to evaluate the model parameters of the fixed-bed column that can be useful for the process design. The column regeneration studies were carried out for three different sorption-desorption cycles using HCl or NaOH solution at 1 M. The 1 M HCl solution was found to have the best bed regeneration capacity and the fixed-bed could be reused for several sorption-desorption cycles. The elution efficiency of EBT, 75 mg L(-1) was greater than 99.1% for all three cycles.