Tissue penetration of clindamycin in diabetic foot infections.

Serum and tissue samples were obtained during surgery from four diabetics with neuropathy who underwent debridement or amputation for foot infections while receiving clindamycin 600 or 900 mg iv. Clindamycin concentrations were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Clindamycin was detected in all serum and tissue samples (range: 0.04-2.8 mg/kg in tissues and 1.1-11.1 mg/L in serum). In nine of the eleven tissue samples the clindamycin concentration exceeded the MICs reported for many pathogens commonly involved in such infections. In only a single instance was the ratio of tissue to serum concentration < 0.13.

Current role of cryoamputation.

Cryoamputation or physiologic amputation has been used at our institution for more than 30 years. From 1971 through 1989, 891 major lower extremity amputations were performed in 750 patients. With the use of dry ice or mechanical refrigeration, 320 (36%) physiologic amputations were performed in 292 patients. After physiologic amputation, the initially elevated white blood cell count and temperature decreased. Complications of physiologic amputation were unusual; 3% of patients developed minor freezing above the tourniquet, which did not alter the amputation level, while 1% had purulence at the level of surgical amputation that required delayed stump closure. The overall operative mortality rate in patients who underwent physiologic amputation was 11%, which was equivalent to the rate in patients undergoing primary amputation. Revision was required in 9% of amputations after preliminary physiologic amputation compared with 17% of primary amputations. Physiologic amputation is a simple technique, controls local infection, avoids emergency surgery, and allows for medical stabilization prior to surgery. Amputation revision after physiologic amputation is required less often than after primary amputation, while the mortality rate is comparable to that of patients undergoing primary amputation.

Effect of intraarterial injection of heparin on the complications of percutaneous arterial catheterization in infants and children.

Thrombotic complications of percutaneous arterial catheterization still remain a significant and serious problem in infants and children. Systemic heparinization has been recommended for prevention of these complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraarterial injection of heparin in reducing thrombotic complications following percutaneous femoral artery catheterization. One hundred sixteen consecutive patients (ages four months to 20 years) studied by the Desilets-Hoffman modification of Seldinger's technique of femoral artery catheterization were randomly allocated to the control or heparin groups using a double-blind technique. At the completion of the catheterization, 0.1 mg/kg of placebo or heparin (1,000 units/ml) was injected into the common iliac artery prior to removal of the catheter and sheath. Segmental plethysmography was performed in both lower extremities prior to and after the catheterization, and a plethysmography index (PI) was calculated. The age and sex distribution, diagnoses, number, type, and site of previous catheterization, hemoglobin, platelet count, the amount of flush solution and the heparin contained therein, size of the catheter and sheath used, number of arterial punctures, and the length of the time in the artery were similar in the two groups (P greater than 0.1). Thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were measured prior to the use of flush solution and prior to angiography, and these remained essentially unchanged in the two groups. The PI in the control group (97.5 +/- 320 was not significantly different (P greater than 0.1) from that of the heparin group (97.7 +/- 32). Similarly, the six to 24 month of postcatheterization plethysmography data show no differences (P greater than 0.1). The number of patients with reduced ipsilateral posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses was also similar (P greater than 0.1). None of the patients in either group required thrombectomy. The low low incidence of arterial complications in our patients when compared with other studies may be related in part to the use of a sheath, which is not called for in original Seldinger technique. The data suggest that full-dose heparin administration does not significantly alter arterial complications following percutaneous femoral artery catheterization, especially in children over five years of age.

Use of the smooth Teflon clip to prevent pulmonary embolism in the postoperative period.

This report details experience with 50 patients who had vena caval interruption with a smooth Teflon (Moretz) clip placed at the time of surgery for other conditions in a high-risk patient population. No fatal pulmonary emboli were encountered; one patient developed bilateral iliofemoral venous thrombosis during the immediate postoperative period (Table 9). Another patient developed iliofemoral venous thrombosis and a nonfatal embolus two years after the vena caval interruption. Two patients developed postoperative edema, but no incapacitating edema and no ulcers were noted. Many of our patients were subjected to further risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism when hospitalization for medical care or operative procedures was required subsequent to the initial procedure. Vena caval interruption with a smooth Teflon clip can be recommended to prevent pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients who require surgery and to provide continuing protection during subsequent illness; however, extremity sequelae are minimal.

Thrombosis at the site of interruption of the vena cava: a consideration in prophylactic treatment of pulmonary embolism.

This study confirms the method of Ratnoff in inducing the hypercoagulable state in dogs, and further demonstrates that there is a varying thrombogenic factor when the vena cava is interrupted by ligation, staple plication, suture plication, serrated clip, and a smooth clip. The incidence of thrombosis caused by ligation, staple plication and suture plication would suggest that these are not suitable methods for prophylactic use. That no thrombosis occurred with the smooth clip would suggest that as a prophylactic measure, the smooth clip may be preferable to a serrated clip.

Immediate assessment of vascular operations using segmental plethysmography.

Segmental plethysmography was used as a monitoring device during 156 direct vessel operations on the abdominal aorta and lower extremity vessels. Patency of distal vessels was assessed continuously and noninvasively before and during wound closure. A pulsatile response at wound closure was indicative of immediate and lasting patency in 94 per cent of extremities monitored. Plethysmographic detection of acute intraoperative occlusive phenomena allowed correction of such problems during the same procedure. The "chronic nonpulsatile" plethysmographic response, although not indicative of accidental occlusions in the majority of cases, portended a poor result, primarily on the basis of insufficient collateralization around pre-existing distal occlusive disease. Patients with such responses should be considered for additional efforts at revascularization. Segmental plethysmography is a reliable and objective method of immediate assessment of vascular patency and for prediction of long-term results.