Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) and risk of diabetes in Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) is a valid instrument to assess the diet quality of the Chinese population, but evidence regarding the relationship between CHEI and the risk of diabetes remains limited. We aimed to investigate the prospective association of CHEI with diabetes among Chinese adults. METHODS: 1563 adults free of diabetes at baseline and with at least two survey data from 1997 to 2018 were included. Dietary information was collected by three consecutive 24-h recalls combined with household food inventory, and long-term diet quality was evaluated by the CHEI. Diabetes was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes and/or fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to estimate the associations between CHEI and diabetes. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 192 (10.3%) participants developed new-onset diabetes. Generally, a five-point higher CHEI score was significantly associated with a 17% lower risk of diabetes (HR, 0.83; 95%CI 0.71-0.97). In stratified analysis, inverse associations between CHEI and diabetes were more vigorous in females (HR, 0.68; 95%CI 0.54-0.85) than in males (P for interaction = 0.01). In addition, there was an L-shaped association between CHEI and diabetes risk in the whole population (P for non-linearity = 0.026), while no significant non-linear association was observed in females or males, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that a long-term higher-quality diet evaluated by CHEI was significantly associated with lower risks of diabetes, and the favorable associations were more pronounced among females.

Associations between biological ageing and the risk of, genetic susceptibility to, and life expectancy associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a secondary analysis of two observational studies.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects life expectancy. Accelerated biological ageing is thought to be a major risk factor for age-related diseases, but its role in rheumatoid arthritis remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the associations between biological ageing and risk of rheumatoid arthritis and genetic susceptibility to the disease. We also aimed to assess the effect of biological ageing on the life expectancy of people with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: We calculated the chronological age-adjusted biological age-by both the Klemera-Doubal method (KDMAge) and phenotypic age (PhenoAge)-as a surrogate measure for biological ageing in participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and UK Biobank study. KDMAge or PhenoAge acceleration was defined as the residual of the regression of KDMAge or PhenoAge based on chronological age. Participants with accelerated biological ageing had KDMAge or PhenoAge acceleration values greater than 0, whereas those without accelerated ageing had values less than or equal to 0. We did cross-sectional analyses to assess the association between biological ageing and prevalent rheumatoid arthritis in both cohorts and prospective analyses to assess the association between biological ageing and incident rheumatoid arthritis in the UK Biobank. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyse these associations. Polygenic risk scores were used to establish genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and to analyse the interaction between biological ageing and genetic risk. We also assessed the association between life expectancy and biological ageing status in people with rheumatoid arthritis. FINDINGS: In the cross-sectional analyses, each 1-year increase in age-adjusted biological age was associated with an increase in the risk of rheumatoid arthritis of between 1% and 10%. In the NHANES, individuals with accelerated ageing had a higher risk of rheumatoid arthritis than non-accelerated ageing individuals, with odds ratios of 1·21 (95% CI 1·03-1·42; p=0·018) for KDMAge acceleration and 1·46 (1·26-1·69; p<0·0001) for PhenoAge acceleration. Similarly, in the UK Biobank, the risk of rheumatoid arthritis was increased in individuals with accelerated ageing compared with individuals with no accelerated ageing (KDMAge odds ratio 1·96 [95% CI 1·71-2·24]; PhenoAge 2·71 [2·51-2·92]). In the prospective analyses of the UK Biobank population, accelerated biological ageing was associated with an increased risk of incident rheumatoid arthritis as measured by both KDMAge (hazard ratio 1·27 [95% CI 1·03-1·55]) and PhenoAge (1·70 [1·52-1·92]). Among participants with high genetic predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis, accelerated biological ageing was associated with an increased risk of incident disease, and we noted significant additive interactions between accelerated biological ageing and genetic risk. At age 45 years, people with rheumatoid arthritis had reduced life expectancy compared with those without rheumatoid arthritis. Among people with rheumatoid arthritis, accelerated biological ageing was associated with reduced life expectancy compared with not having accelerated biological ageing. INTERPRETATION: Accelerated biological ageing could increase the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, especially among people with high genetic risk, and could reduce the life expectancy of people with rheumatoid arthritis. The identification of populations with accelerated biological ageing has important implications for reducing the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and of lowered life expectancy. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Methods of Lipidomic Analysis: Extraction, Derivatization, Separation, and Identification of Lipids.

Lipidomics refers to the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems. A lipidomic analysis often involves the identification and quantification of the thousands of cellular lipid molecular species within a complex biological sample and therefore requires a well optimized method for lipid profiling. In this chapter, the methods for lipidomic analysis, including sample collection and preparation, lipid derivatization and separation, mass spectrometric identification of lipids, data processing and interpretation, and quality control, are overviewed.

A comprehensive study of raw and roasted macadamia nuts: Lipid profile, physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties.

Macadamia nuts have high nutritional value and positive health attributes. Changes to the composition and availability of these compounds during roasting contribute to product quality. In this study, changes to the chemical composition of lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) and other phytochemicals were analyzed, and a sensory evaluation was carried out of two major varieties of macadamia nuts planted in China, after roasting. Only small changes in fatty acid (FA) content and a slight decrease in total triglycerides (TAGs) were observed after roasting. The free fatty acid (FFA) content and the peroxide value were increased by roasting. The total available polyphenol content increased by 25.6% and the oxidative stability index of kernels increased by 21.6%. The sensory scores for taste and aroma were doubled by roasting. Overall, the sensory, nutritional quality, and oxidative stability of roasted macadamia nuts were greatly improved, compared with raw nuts.

Pseudotargeted Lipidomics Strategy Enabling Comprehensive Profiling and Precise Lipid Structural Elucidation of Polyunsaturated Lipid-Rich Echium Oil.

Echium oil has great nutritional value as a result of its high content of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω-3) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω-3). However, the comprehensive lipid profiling and exact structural characterization of bioactive polyunsaturated lipids in echium oil have not yet been obtained. In this study, we developed a novel pseudotargeted lipidomics strategy for comprehensive profiling and lipid structural elucidation of polyunsaturated lipid-rich echium oil. Our approach integrated untargeted lipidomics analysis with a targeted lipidomics strategy based on Paternò-Büchi (PB)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using 2-acetylpyridine (2-AP) as the reaction reagent, allowing for high-coverage lipid profiling and simultaneous determination of C═C locations in triacylglycerols (TGs), diacylglycerols (DGs), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterol esters (SEs) in echium oil. A total of 209 lipid species were profiled, among which 162 unsaturated lipids were identified with C═C location assignment and 42 groups of ω-3 and ω-6 C═C location isomers were discovered. In addition, relative isomer ratios of certain groups of lipid C═C location isomers were revealed. This pseudotargeted lipidomics strategy described in this study is expected to provide new insight into structural characterization of distinctive bioactive lipids in food.

Comprehensive and High-Coverage Lipidomic Analysis of Oilseeds Based on Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Oilseeds are an important source of dietary lipids, and a comprehensive analysis of oilseed lipids is of great significance to human health, while information about the global lipidomes in oilseeds was limited. Herein, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for comprehensive lipidomic profiling of oilseeds was established and applied. First, the lipid extraction efficiency and lipid coverage of four different lipid extraction methods were compared. The optimized methyl tert-butyl ether extraction method was superior to isopropanol, Bligh-Dyer, and Folch extraction methods, in terms of the operation simplicity, lipid coverage, and number of identified lipids. Then, global lipidomic analysis of soybean, sesame, peanut, and rapeseed was conducted. A total of 764 lipid molecules, including 260 triacylglycerols, 54 diacylglycerols, 313 glycerophospholipids, 36 saccharolipids, 35 ceramides, 30 free fatty acids, 21 fatty esters, and 15 sphingomyelins were identified and quantified. The compositions and contents of lipids significantly varied among different oilseeds. Our results provided a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of varieties of oilseed as well as deep processing of oilseed for the edible oil industry.

Serumal Lipidomics Reveals the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Flax Lignans and Sinapic Acid in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice.

Flax lignans (SDG) and sinapic acid (SA) both have the function of antioxidation and anti-inflammation. However, previous studies have focused mainly on biochemical measurements, gene expression analysis, and clinical assessments. There are limited studies that systematically reveal the underlying mechanism of the anti-inflammation effect of SDG or SA from the lipidomic point of view. Herein, the integrated lipidomic profiling platform was used for the analysis of free fatty acids (FFAs), phospholipids (PLs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), and oxylipins in high-fat (HF)-diet-fed mice after SDG or SA administration. Dietary supplementation of SDG or SA downregulated the levels of total TAGs and FFAs in the ApoE-/- mice model. Furthermore, 28 potential lipids were screened out and considered as key evaluation factors to understand the anti-inflammation function and mechanism of SDG and SA. The results indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of SDG and SA was principally exerted via regulation of lipid homeostasis.

Comprehensive Lipidomics Analysis Reveals the Effects of Different Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Diets on Egg Yolk Lipids.

Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for laying hens enriches eggs with these essential fatty acids. However, the enrichment patterns and changes to intact lipids in egg yolk have not been sufficiently revealed. Herein, egg yolk lipids from hens fed with diets supplemented with flaxseed, Schizochytrium sp. residue, or their mixture were comprehensively analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). A total of 335 individual lipid species covering 23 (sub)classes were identified and quantified. Distinct n-3 PUFA-lipid profiles were revealed among different groups. Dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) was mainly deposited in the TAG fraction, whereas synthesized or preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) predominantly existed in the glycerophospholipid form. Furthermore, different lipid species were identified and related lipid pathways after dietary supplementation were analyzed. Collectively, these findings provide us with new knowledge for production, nutritional evaluation, authentication, and application of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs.

Double Derivatization Strategy for High-Sensitivity and High-Coverage Localization of Double Bonds in Free Fatty Acids by Mass Spectrometry.

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are key intermediates of lipid metabolism that have a crucial role in many critical biological processes. The specific locations of carbon-carbon double bonds (C═C) in FFAs are often associated with distinct biological functions. Despite the rapid development of analytical techniques, identification of C═C locations in FFAs with more than three C═C bonds in complex biological matrices remains a challenge. Herein, we describe a double derivatization strategy, coupled with shotgun-mass spectrometry (MS), for unambiguous and sensitive determination of a high-coverage C═C bond (from 1 to 6) locations of FFAs. Our approach is based on combination of acetone labeling of C═C bonds and N,N-diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (DEEA) labeling of carboxyl groups within FFAs. Acetone labeling of C═C bonds via photochemical reaction provides diagnostic ions, specific to C═C locations, and DEEA labeling of carboxyl groups significantly enhances MS response of diagnostic ions, by invoking a readily protonated tertiary amine group on FFA analytes. By exploiting this double derivatization strategy, the assignment of C═C locations of FFAs with more than three C═C bonds was achieved with high sensitivity (limit of quantitation (LOQ) 0.1-1.5 nmol/L). In contrast, such assignments were not possible by acetone labeling alone, because of the low sensitivity of diagnostic ions in negative ionization mode of MS. The applicability of our method was demonstrated by profiling of FFAs, including unsaturated FFA C═C positional isomers, in liver samples from mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and their lean controls. The study showed that the high-specificity and high-sensitivity method developed here is promising for accurate identification and quantitation of a wide array of FFAs in biological samples.

Ultrasound-assisted one-phase solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for efficient profiling of egg yolk lipids.

In this research, a novel ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) method using a one-phase solvent (isopropanol, IPA) combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) was developed for exhaustive profiling of egg yolk lipids, which are considered to be essential nutrients that have important functions for human health. Compared with IPA-vortex extraction method, the optimized IPA-USAE method shows better performance in terms of extraction time, lipid losses, lipid recoveries and the number of lipids identified. With this established simple, high throughput and reliable analytical approach, untargeted comprehensive lipid profiling of four kinds of egg yolks was achieved, thus providing a powerful tool for nutritional research of egg lipids. Considering that the lipids contained in egg yolk are quite abundant in both quantity and species, the proposed IPA-USAE combined with LC-ESI-QToF-MS is also potentially applicable to comprehensive extraction and profiling of lipids in other biological samples.

Finite Element Simulation Study of Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Tensile High-Volume Fraction SiCp/Al Composite.

Silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composite (SiCp/Al) has been widely used in the military and aerospace industry due to its special performance; however, there remain many problems in the processing. The present paper introduces an ultrasonic vibration tensile apparatus and a composite tensile specimen and performs Abaqus finite element simulation on high-volume SiCp/Al. The results show that the stress-strain curve increases linearly during conventional tensile strength; the intermittent vibration tensile strength is similar to the full course vibration tensile strength: The magnitude of the stress reduction increases as the amplitude of the ultrasound increases and the vibration frequency increases. The tensile rate is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the stress reduction, and in the ultrasonic parameters, the amplitude has the greatest influence on the magnitude of the stress reduction, followed by the tensile rate; additionally, the frequency has the least influence on the magnitude of the stress reduction. The experimental results show that the simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.

Profiling and quantification of lipids in cold-pressed rapeseed oils based on direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Microwave pretreatment of rapeseeds prior to cold-pressing is a simple and desirable method for producing high quality oils. In this study, a rapid and sensitive lipid profiling platform employing an accurate quantification strategy was established based on direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Using this developed platform, we further investigated the effect of microwave pretreatment of rapeseeds on the contents of important lipids such as triglycerides (TAGs), phospholipids (PLs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) in 15 different rapeseed oils. Our results demonstrated that no significant changes of total FAs and TAGs contents were observed after microwave pretreatment, while FFA contents increased and PLs contents significantly increased up to 40 folds. The potential mechanism of lipid changes was also discussed. The established lipidomics profiling platform can provide reliable lipids profiling data and help to better understand the potential mechanism of microwave pretreatment in oil processing.

Profiling and quantification of aminophospholipids based on chemical derivatization coupled with HPLC-MS.

In this study, a novel strategy based on acetone stable-isotope derivatization coupled with HPLC-MS for profiling and accurate quantification of aminophospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) in biological samples was developed. Acetone derivatization leads to alkylation of the primary amino groups of aminophospholipids with an isopropyl moiety; the use of deuterium-labeled acetone (d6-acetone) introduced a 6 Da mass shift that was ideally suited for profiling and quantification analysis with high selectivity and accuracy. After derivatization, significantly increased column efficiency for chromatographic separation and detection sensitivity for MS analysis of aminophospholipids was observed. Furthermore, an accuracy quantification method was developed. Aminophospholipids in biological samples were derivatized with d0-acetone; while more than two aminophospholipid standards were selected for each class of aminophospholipid and derivatized with d6-acetone, which were then used as the internal standards to typically construct a calibration curve for each class to normalize the nonuniformity response caused by the differential fragmentation kinetics resulting from the distinct chemical constitution of individual aminophospholipid species in the biological samples. The excellent applicability of the developed method was validated by profiling and quantification of aminophospholipids presented in liver samples from rats fed with different diets.

Lipid profiling in serum from apolipoprotein E-knock out mice fed with different diets and its application to the study of the regulatory effect on lipid metabolism.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory activation and is the main underlying trigger for cardiovascular disease. There are many cardiovascular health products in the market; in order to evaluate the effect of these products, in this paper, a novel lipid profiling platform was established using the shot-gun mass spectrum method for the analysis of free fatty acid and phospholipids, and the high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy method for the analysis of lipid mediators and triacylglycerol, respectively, in serum from male apolipoprotein E-knock out mice after different diet interventions. Changes in the four lipids above, and pathways and regulation of lipid metabolism in mice from different groups were further investigated. The result showed that all cardiovascular health products showed some certain potential to alleviate atherogenesis and ameliorate inflammation; among them, lemon apple cider vinegar drink and seal oil could significantly decrease triacylglycerol in mouse serum. The establishment of this lipidome profiling platform helps to better understand the metabolism regulation and intervention mechanism of different cardiovascular health products in chronic diseases, such as atherogenesis. This platform could be applied to other cardiovascular health products and provide reliable lipid profiling data for their potential effect.

Molecular adsorbent recirculating system in dealing with maternal Amanita poisoning during the second pregnancy trimester: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A 27-year-old woman in her 20th week of pregnancy was hospitalized because of food poisoning caused by Amanita phalloides. METHODS: Previously extracorporeal purification treatments with 2 times of hemodialysis plus hemoperfusion and a high volume therapeutic plasma exchange (PE) in addition to intensive medication during the first 8 days failed to improve hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and liver function but developed deep coma with severe blood chemistry and signs of threatened abortion. RESULTS: Treatments with intermittent molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) for 3 times resulted in an immediate improvement of liver function and clinical symptoms including HE and threatened abortion until her fully recovery. When the life-threatening maternal illness was cured gestation went on until premature birth at the 36th week of pregnancy, and the infant underwent an undisturbed development. CONCLUSION: MARS method appears to be an optimal therapy for patients with acute liver failure secondary to cytoxic mushroom poisoning during pregnancy.