Electroencephalography-Derived Functional Connectivity in Sensorimotor Networks in Post Stroke Fatigue.

BACKGROUND: Poor suppression of anticipated sensory information from muscle contractions is thought to underlie high fatigue. Such diminished task-related sensory attenuation is reflected in resting state connectivity. Here we test the hypothesis 'altered electroencephalography (EEG)-derived functional connectivity in somatosensory network in the beta band, is a signature of fatigue in post-stroke fatigue'. METHODS: In non-depressed, minimally impaired stroke survivors (n = 29), with median disease duration of 5 years, resting state neuronal activity was measured using 64-channel EEG. Graph theory-based network analysis measure of functional connectivity via small-world index (SW) was calculated focusing on right and left motor (Brodmann areas 4, 6, 8, 9, 24 and 32) and sensory (Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 40 and 43) networks, in the beta (13-30 Hz) frequency range. Fatigue was measured using Fatigue Severity Scale - FSS (Stroke), with scores of > 4, defined as high fatigue. RESULTS: Results confirmed the working hypothesis, with high fatigue stroke survivors showing higher small-worldness in the somatosensory networks when compared to low fatigue. CONCLUSION: High levels of small-worldness in somatosensory networks indicates altered processing of somesthetic input. Such altered processing would explain high effort perception within the sensory attenuation model of fatigue.

The incidence and factors of hip fractures and subsequent morbidity in Taiwan: An 11-year population-based cohort study.

Hip fractures are a major problem to elder population, but subsequent morbidity is unclear about environmental factors and socioeconomic conditions. The study aims to investigate the incidence of hip fractures treated by the surgery; to compare the sequelae and temporal trends of hip fractures; to evaluate the seasonal effects in the subsequent short-term and long-term morbidities after hip fractures. A cohort study design is conducted using national health research datasets between 2000 and 2010. The ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes were utilized to investigate the incidence of hip fractures and the corresponding treatments. Hierarchical modeling was used to analyze the factors associated with various types of hip fractures. The results indicated that females had a lower incidence in the 30-44 age group, but a significantly higher incidence than males among those aged 60 years or older (adjusted rates 232.1 vs. 100.3 per 100,000 persons, p<0.001). The incidence of hip fractures in the low-income group showed no significant difference compared to that in the general population. There was a temporal trend of a 8.6% increase in the incidence of all types of hip fractures over the period of 2000-2010. A summer-winter variation is observed among the elderly. Hip fractures and subsequent morbidity are increasing in Taiwan's aging society. Older age, female gender, and time periods were independent risk factors for subsequent morbidities after surgical treatment. The result of this study is useful to the healthcare policy makers and to raise the public awareness of hip fractures.