Gelation behavior and mechanism of low methoxyl pectin in the presence of erythritol and sucrose: The role of co-solutes.

Co-solutes such as sucrose and sugar alcohol play a significant part in low methoxyl pectin (LMP) gelation. To explore their gelation mechanism, we investigated the gelation behavior of LMP in the presence of erythritol and sucrose with Ca2+. Results revealed that the introduction of erythritol and sucrose improved the hardness of the gels, fixed more free water, accelerated the rate of gel structuring, and enhanced the gel strength. FT-IR confirmed the reinforced hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces between the pectin chains after introducing co-solutes. And it could be observed clearly by SEM that the cross-linking density of gel network enhanced with co-solutes. Furthermore, gel disruption experiments suggested the presence of ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic forces in LMP gels. Finally, we concluded that the egg-box regions cross-linked only by LMP and Ca2+ were too weak to form a stable gel network structure. Adding co-solutes could increase the amount of cross-linking between pectin chains and enlarge the cross-linking zones, which favored the formation of a dense gel network by more hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. Sucrose gels had superior physicochemical properties and microstructure than erythritol gels due to sucrose's excellent hydration capacity and chemical structure characteristics.

Government subsidy and benefit distribution mechanisms for transportation PPP projects: An evolutionary game perspective.

Public-private partnerships (PPP), as an important model for collaboration between the public and private sectors, is an urgent and critical topic due to the serious financial losses of governments involved in transportation PPP projects in recent years. Current research focuses on the government subsidy model, in which the effective implementation of government subsidies relies on the design of incentives for stakeholder behavior. Although the positive externalities are strong, they are prone to the problem of "free riding," which leads to low project performance and challenges in compensating for the government's financial losses. Therefore, this study proposes a novel dynamic subsidy mechanism that can be adjusted based on actual changes in transportation demand and that is linked to project performance. We use evolutionary game theory to construct a two-party evolutionary game model of the government and social capital, focusing on the stability and influencing factors of these interactions. Our research unveils that reaching specific thresholds in both the incentive coefficient and benefit distribution ratio induces an "positive management-negative management" shift in the behavior of involved parties, leading to enhanced project outcomes. Notably, fluctuations in operational quality substantially enhance the efficiency of the active management of private sector, with no discernible impact on the subsidy efficiency of the government. Therefore, our study provides a theoretical framework for improving the revenue allocation and government subsidy mechanism, which has theoretical and practical implications for enhancing the effect of government incentives and improving the quality of operational social capital.

Effect of enzymatic de-esterification and RG-I degradation of high methoxyl pectin (HMP) on sugar-acid gel properties.

The influence of RG-I domains on high methoxyl pectin (HMP) sugar-acid gel properties has rarely been reported. In our work, HMP was modified by enzymatic de-esterification and degradation of RG-I domains to compare and analyze the relationship between the structure and final sugar-acid gel properties. The results showed that the degree of esterification (DE) of REP (pectin degraded by rhamnosidase) and GEP (pectin debranched by galactosidase) was the same as that of untreated HMP, whereas the DE of PMEP (pectin de-esterified by pectin methyl esterase) decreased from 59.63 % to 54.69 %. The monosaccharide composition suggested no significant changes in the HG and RG-I structural domains of PMEP. In contrast, the percentage of RG-I structural domains of REP and GEP dropped from 37 % to about 28 %, accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of the RG-I backbones and side chains. The rheological characterization of sugar-acid gels demonstrated an enhanced gel grade for PMEP and a weakened one for REP and GEP. Moreover, we constructed a correlation relationship between the fine structure of pectin and the properties of the sugar-acid gels, confirming the critical contribution of the RG-I region (especially the neutral sugar side chains) to the HMP sugar-acid gels.

Effects of Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, and Liposomal Doxorubicin (Anthracycline) on cardiac function in patients with osteosarcoma and their influencing factors.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, and Liposomal Doxorubicin (Anthracycline) on cardiac function in osteosarcoma patients and analyze the factors influencing this effect. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 165 osteosarcoma patients admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022. Based on the chemotherapy regimen, the patients were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 62) treated with Cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, and the observation group (n = 103) treated with Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, and Liposomal Doxorubicin (Anthracycline). The general records of both groups were analyzed, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated through echocardiography before and after chemotherapy. Blood cTnT and CK-MB levels were measured using immunoluminescence. The incidence of adverse reactions during chemotherapy was also analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to identify patients with cardiotoxic events, and multiple logistic regression analysis was done to study the effects of Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Liposomal Doxorubicin, and their dosages on cardiotoxicity in patients. RESULTS: The general records between the two groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). However, at the fourth cycle of chemotherapy, the observation group exhibited a lower LVEF (P < 0.05), and a higher percentage of LVEF decrease compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the observation group had higher levels of blood cTnT and CK-MB (P < 0.05). The incidence of cardiotoxicity in the observation group was also higher (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were seen in other adverse reaction rates (P > 0.05). The occurrence of cardiotoxicity was found to be related to the choice and dosage of chemotherapy drugs (P < 0.05), but not significantly correlated with age, sex, and mediastinal irradiation in patients (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the use of Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, and Liposomal Doxorubicin in chemotherapy, as well as an increase in their dosages, was found to elevate the risk of cardiotoxicity in osteosarcoma patients (P < 0.05). However, age, sex, and mediastinal radiation were not significantly associated with cardiotoxicity in osteosarcoma patients (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Liposomal Doxorubicin (Anthracycline), and other drugs adversely affected cardiac function in osteosarcoma patients, increasing the risk of cardiac toxicity. Therefore, close monitoring of cardiac function during chemotherapy is crucial, and timely adjustments to the chemotherapy regimen are necessary. In addition, rational control of drug selection and dosage is essential to minimize the occurrence of cardiac toxicity.

Inflammatory responses and barrier disruption in the trachea of chicks following Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection: a focus on the TNF-α-NF-κB/MLCK pathway.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) can induce persistent inflammatory damage to the tracheal mucosa of poultry and cause chronic respiratory diseases in chickens. To further investigate the mechanism of MG-induced injury to the tracheal mucosa, we used chick embryo tracheal organ culture (TOC) as a model to study the invasion and reproduction of MG, the effect of MG on tracheal morphology, and the potential factors that promote MG tissue invasion. The results showed that MG infection significantly damaged the tracheal epithelial structure and weakened tracheal epithelial barrier function; MG also increased the occurrence of bacterial displacement, with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the bacterial load of the infected TOCs at 5 and 7 days post-infection. In addition, MG significantly (p < 0.05) increased the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-6, and activated the NF-κB signalling pathway, leading to increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Simultaneously, the map kinase pathway (MAPK) was activated. This activation might be associated with increased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which could lead to actin-myosin contraction and disruption of tight junction (TJ) protein function, potentially compromising epithelial barrier integrity and further catalysing MG migration into tissues. Overall, our results contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between MG and the host, provide insight into the mechanisms of damage to the tracheal mucosa induced by MG infection, and provide new insights into the possible pathways involved in Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in vivo.

Mycoplasma synoviae induce spleen tissue damage and inflammatory response of chicken through oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Mycoplasma synovium (MS) is a prominent avian pathogen known to elicit robust inflammatory responses in birds while evading immune detection, often leading to chronic infection and immune compromise. The mechanisms underpinning MS-mediated splenic tissue damage in chickens, however, remain undefined. In our investigation with 7-day-old SPF chickens, we administered an MS-Y bacterial solution (200 µl, 1 × 109 CCU/ml) through eye and nose droplets, collecting spleen samples on days 3, 6, and 12 post-infection. Comprehensive analyses utilizing histopathology, electron microscopy, TUNEL assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot were employed. Results demonstrated that MS-infection downregulated T-SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT, while concurrently elevating iNOS, NO, and MDA levels. Evidently, MS-induced oxidative stress compromised the spleen's antioxidant defences. Histological examinations pinpointed splenic damage characterized by lymphocyte reduction and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Ultrastructural observations revealed clear apoptotic markers, including mitochondrial perturbations and nuclear anomalies. Importantly, MS induced significant spleen tissue apoptosis, as supported by TUNEL assay outputs and gene expression profiles associated with apoptosis. Concurrently, we observed upregulated expressions of mRNAs and proteins affiliated with the NF-κB/MAPK signalling cascade (p < 0.05). Collectively, our data elucidate that MS infection induces splenic apoptosis and oxidative disturbances, perturbs tissue integrity, and potentiates the NF-κB/MAPK-mediated inflammatory cascade.

Improving the greenness of enterprise supply chains by designing government subsidy mechanisms: based on prospect theory and evolutionary games.

Fostering sustainable development through green supply chains is of paramount significance. Government subsidies emerge as a successful strategy for motivating businesses to actively participate in such eco-friendly practices. This study employs prospect theory and an evolutionary game model to analyze the transition toward carbon peaking and neutrality while promoting the expansion of highly sustainable businesses. By exploring the decision-making processes of businesses and governments regarding sustainability, we develop an evolutionary game-based decision model to assess the impact of government subsidies on businesses engaged in green supply chains. Through numerical simulation obtained via MATLAB, we examine various factors influencing the evolution of the game system between green supply chain businesses and the government. Additionally, we investigate how government incentives impact the decision-making behavior of green supply chain businesses. Our findings indicate that governmental fines can effectively encourage the adoption of green supply chains. Furthermore, moderate government subsidies incentivize enterprises to opt for sustainable supply chains, benefiting both the government and businesses. However, providing hefty government subsidies not only fails to encourage the adoption of green supply chains but also incurs costs for the government, without yielding any positive change in the businesses' approach. By incorporating evolutionary game theory and prospect theory, this study contributes to the body of knowledge on government-supported green supply chains, offering incentive programs tailored to the real-world conditions faced by businesses while demonstrating practical application values.

[Delivery of epididymis-specific mRNAs from mouse epididymosomes into N2a and TM4 cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether mouse epididymis-specific mRNAs Adam7 and Crisp1 can be delivered into N2a and TM4 cells, and to provide an experimental basis for exploring the function of epididymal mRNAs. METHODS: Using RT-PCR, we detected the presence of epididymis-specific genes (Adam7, Crisp1, Defb22, Wfdc2, and Wfdc9) in the testis, epididymis, epididymosome and sperm of adult male BALB/c mice as well as in the human testis, seminal vesicles and sperm. We isolated epididymosomes of BALB/c mice by low-speed centrifugation, filtration and ultracentrifugation, fluorescently labeled them by PKH26, co-incubated them for 1 hour with the N2a and TM4 cells after 24 hours of starvation culture, and observed whether they were fused with the N2a and TM4 cells and ingested using the epididymosomes without PKH26 labeling, PKH26 dye without epididymosomes, and non- epididymosome or -PKH26 dye as controls. Then we detected the epididymis-specific genes in the N2a and TM4 cells after 1-hour co-incubation by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Adam7 and Crisp1 were present in the mouse epididymis, epididymosomes and sperm, and in the human seminal vesicles and sperm as well, but not in the testes of either the mice or men. PKH26 and Hoechst33258 fluorescence double-labeling showed that the mouse epididymosomes were fused with the N2a and TM4 cells and ingested; RT-PCR revealed the mRNAs of Adam7 and Crisp1 in the N2a and TM4 cells after 1-hour co-incubation; and Western blot exhibited the CRISP1 protein in the N2a and TM4 cells incubated with epididymosomes. CONCLUSION: Epididymosomes can deliver epididymis-specific mRNAs Adam7 and Crisp1 into N2a and TM4 cells, where Crisp1 may be translated into proteins, though their function and significance need to be further studied.

Flavor substances of low-valued red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) hydrolysates derived from double enzymatic systems.

To make better use of low-valued crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), double enzymatic systems containing endopeptidase and Flavourzyme® were applied to investigate their effect on the physicochemical properties and volatile substances of low-valued crayfish. The results demonstrated that the double enzymatic hydrolysis had a positive effect on reduced bitterness and increased umami. Among them, the highest degree of hydrolysis (31.67 %) was obtained using trypsin and Flavourzyme® (TF), which showed 96.32 % of peptides with molecular weight < 0.5 kDa and 101.99 mg/g of free amino acids. The quality and quantity analysis showed that the types and relative contents of volatile compounds especially benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, nonanal, hexanal, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanonewere increased in the double enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, the increase of esters and pyrazines was also found in gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). The results indicated that different enzymatic systems could be performed to enhance the flavor substances of low-valued crayfish. In conclusion, double enzymatic hydrolysis may be used as an advisable technique to promote the high-value utilization of low-valued crayfish and provides valuable information for the shrimp products requiring enzymatic hydrolysis.

Helicity-resolved Raman scattering of MoS2 bulk crystal.

Helicity-resolved Raman spectroscopy (HRRS) can effectively distinguish the Raman modes of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials by phonon symmetry. In this paper, we systematically investigated the phonon helicity selection of basal and edge planes of MoS2 bulk by HRRS. We find that the symmetry of the crystal structure changes the helicity selection of the E1g, E1 2g, and A1g modes in the edge plane. The theoretical calculation results confirm that the E1 2g and A1g modes of the basal plane exhibit a perfect helicity exchange, and the helicity selections of the E1 2g and A1g modes of the edge plane are eliminated or weakened. Our study provides references for phonon helicity selection of 2D layered materials represented by MoS2.

Effect of three culture patterns on quality changes of crayfish meats during partial freezing storage.

The quality changes and main metabolites of rice-crayfish (DT), intensive crayfish (JY), and lotus pond crayfish (OT) under three culture patterns during partial freezing were studied. Compared with the DT and JY groups, the OT samples had higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), K values and color values. The microstructure of the OT samples deteriorated most obviously during storage, and they had the lowest water-holding capacity and the worst texture. Furthermore, differential metabolites of crayfish under different culture patterns were identified by UHPLC-MS, and the most abundant differential metabolites of the OT groups were found. The main differential metabolites include alcohols polyols and carbonyl compounds; amines; amino acids, peptides, and analogues; carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates; fatty acids and conjugates. In conclusion, based on the analysis of existing data, the OT groups were considered to be the most serious deterioration during partial freezing compared with the other two culture patterns.

The Double-Edged Sword of Safety Training for Safety Behavior: The Critical Role of Psychological Factors during COVID-19.

Safety training (ST) is the primary means of avoiding unsafe behaviors, but it has not achieved the expected impact on improving workplace safety because of the high psychological stress it brings to workers. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) further threatens workers' psychological conditions, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of ST. However, the existing literature has mainly laid emphasis on the bright side of ST and neglected examining its impact on safety behavior (SB) from detrimental psychological factors. Drawing from the conservation of resources theory, a novel two-staged model was established to understand how these psychological factors mediate and moderate the association between ST and SB. We incorporated resource consumption (e.g., role overload (RO) and COVID-19-related task setbacks) and resource generation (e.g., psychological resilience) into the model to consider both detrimental and protective psychological factors against ST. We then implemented a time-separated, three-wave data collection on a sample of frontline workers to validate this hypothetical model. Consistent with our hypothesis, RO played a significant mediating role between ST and SB, that is, ST leads to RO, and in turn, holds up SB. Surprisingly, contrary to our hypothesis, COVID-19-related task setbacks weakened the negative and indirect impact of ST on SB via RO. This is one of the first empirical studies to highlight how detrimental psychological factors caused by ST constrict or amplify SB. In practice, the efficacy of ST can be enhanced by cultivating psychological resilience and clarifying employees' job responsibilities to reduce the ambiguity of roles.

Study on the mechanism of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection on chicken tracheal mucosa injury.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSMG infection causes a persistent inflammatory response by increasing the expression of immune response genes.The ERK-MLCK signalling pathway activated by MG infection regulates tight junction proteins in the tracheal mucosa.These data provide a basis for future prevention and treatment studies to control MG infection.

Developing a Decision-Making Model for Construction Safety Behavior Supervision: An Evolutionary Game Theory-Based Analysis.

Without the active participation of enterprises and front-line workers, it is difficult for the government to perform effective supervision to ensure behavioral safety among front-line workers. To overcome inadequate government supervision and information attenuation caused by vertical management mode and limited resources, and to change passive supervision into active control with the proactive participation of enterprises and workers, this paper combines the entity responsibility mechanism and the third-party participation mechanism based on government supervision to analyze the decision-making process of government and enterprises on safety behavior supervision. An evolutionary game model was established to describe the decision-making interactions between the government and construction enterprises under the two mechanisms, and a simulation was performed to illustrate the factors influencing the implementation of the mechanisms. The results show that both mechanisms have a positive effect on government supervision, and the third-party participation mechanism was found to be working better. The implementation of the two mechanisms is influenced by punishment, subsidy, and cost, and it has different sensitivities to the three influencing factors. This study provides a theoretical framework for enhancing the government supervision mechanism, and the decision-making between the government and construction enterprises enhances the management form and guides their actual supervision practices.

LncRNA SNHG6 promotes glycolysis reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing the BOP1 protein.

Metabolic reprogramming is an important feature in tumor progression. Long noncoding RNA's (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) acts as a proto-oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but its role in glycolysis is mostly unknown. The role of SNHG6 and Block of proliferation 1 (BOP1) on glycolysis is assessed by glucose uptake, lactate production, oxygen consumptive rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and glycolytic enzyme levels. The regulatory effect of SNHG6 on BOP1 protein was confirmed by Western blotting, MS2 pull-down, RNA pull-down, and RIP assay. SNHG6 and BOP1 levels were increased in HCC tissues and cells. SNHG6 and BOP1 were prognostic factors in HCC patients and significantly correlated to TP53 mutant and tumor grade. SNHG6 promoted proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, enhanced glucose uptake and lactate production, decreased OCR, and increased ECAR in HCC cell lines. SNHG6 could bind the BOP1 protein and enhance its stability. BOP1 overexpression rescued the change of proliferation, apoptosis, and glycolysis in HCCLM3 and SMMC-7721 cells. Our data indicate that SNHG6 accelerates proliferation and glycolysis and inhibits the apoptosis of HCC cell lines by binding the BOP1 protein and enhancing its stability. Both SNHG6 and BOP1 are promising prognostic and therapeutic markers in HCC.

Complex Age- and Cancer-Related Changes in Human Blood Transcriptome-Implications for Pan-Cancer Diagnostics.

Early cancer detection is the key to a positive clinical outcome. While a number of early diagnostics methods exist in clinics today, they tend to be invasive and limited to a few cancer types. Thus, a clear need exists for non-invasive diagnostics methods that can be used to detect the presence of cancer of any type. Liquid biopsy based on analysis of molecular components of peripheral blood has shown significant promise in such pan-cancer diagnostics; however, existing methods based on this approach require improvements, especially in sensitivity of early-stage cancer detection. The improvement would likely require diagnostics assays based on multiple different types of biomarkers and, thus, calls for identification of novel types of cancer-related biomarkers that can be used in liquid biopsy. Whole-blood transcriptome, especially its non-coding component, represents an obvious yet under-explored biomarker for pan-cancer detection. In this study, we show that whole transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq could indeed serve as a viable biomarker for pan-cancer detection. Furthermore, a class of long non-coding (lnc) RNAs, very long intergenic non-coding (vlinc) RNAs, demonstrated superior performance compared with protein-coding mRNAs. Finally, we show that age and presence of non-blood cancers change transcriptome in similar, yet not identical, directions and explore implications of this observation for pan-cancer diagnostics.

Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the MD Anderson symptom inventory for measuring perioperative symptom burden in patients with gynecologic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Gynecologic cancers are among the most prevalent malignancies in China. Cervical and uterine cancer respectively account for the sixth and eighth highest incidence of cancer among Chinese women. Abdominal surgery is one of the important treatment methods for gynecological tumors. However, the tumor- and surgery-related symptom burden are not well studied owing to a lack of a standardized and validated assessment tool in the Chinese population. The study aimed to translate and validate the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for measuring perioperative symptom burden in gynecologic cancer patients (MDASI-PeriOp-GYN) and examine the utility of the Chinese version of MDASI-PeriOp-GYN. METHODS: The MDASI-PeriOp-GYN was translated in a stepwise manner. First, two native speakers independently translated the 9 PeriOp-GYN symptom items. Then the nine items were translated back into English by two different bilingual translators. After discussion and revision, the four translators reached an agreement. Finally, the finalized Chinese version was administered to women with three common gynecologic cancer types (cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers) recruited from the gynecological oncology department of Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute between July and October 2019. The reliability and validity of the translated version were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 324 women with gynecologic cancers were enrolled. Cronbach's α values were 0.826 and 0.735 for the symptom severity and interference scales, respectively. Test-retest reliability values were 0.885, 0.873, and 0.914 for symptom severity, PeriOp-GYN, and interference scales. Significant correlations were found between the MDASI-PeriOp-GYN-C and EORTC QLQ-C30 along with the QLQ-OV28 module (- 0.608-0.871, P < 0.001). Known-group validity was supported by significant differences in the scores of the four scales grouped by time intervals, surgery type, and functional status (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The MDASI-PeriOp-GYN-C is a valid and reliable tool for measuring symptoms in Chinese patients undergoing surgery for gynecologic cancers. The tool could be used in clinical practice and clinical trials to instantly gather patients' health and quality of life data.

Virtual Experiments of Particle Mixing Process with the SPH-DEM Model.

Particle mixing process is critical for the design and quality control of concrete and composite production. This paper develops an algorithm to simulate the high-shear mixing process of a granular flow containing a high proportion of solid particles mixed in a liquid. DEM is employed to simulate solid particle interactions; whereas SPH is implemented to simulate the liquid particles. The two-way coupling force between SPH and DEM particles is used to evaluate the solid-liquid interaction of a multi-phase flow. Using Darcy's Law, this paper evaluates the coupling force as a function of local mixture porosity. After the model is verified by two benchmark case studies, i.e., a solid particle moving in a liquid and fluid flowing through a porous medium, this method is applied to a high shear mixing problem of two types of solid particles mixed in a viscous liquid by a four-bladed mixer. A homogeneity metric is introduced to characterize the mixing quality of the particulate mixture. The virtual experiments with the present algorithm show that adding more liquid or increasing liquid viscosity slows down the mixing process for a high solid load mix. Although the solid particles can be mixed well eventually, the liquid distribution is not homogeneous, especially when the viscosity of liquid is low. The present SPH-DEM model is versatile and suitable for virtual experiments of particle mixing process with different blades, solid particle densities and sizes, and liquid binders, and thus can expedite the design and development of concrete materials and particulate composites.

Rare Primary Pulmonary Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) arising from the lung without thoracic wall involvement are extremely rare and particularly aggressive neoplasms. Herein, we present the case of a 41-year-old woman with pulmonary PNET diagnosed following histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular pathological examination of a surgical biopsy specimen. The case report is accompanied by a literature review of primary pulmonary PNETs.