Mitochondrial Treatment Improves Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice.

Neuroinflammation has been proven to drive cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative diseases. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that the transfer of exogenous mitochondria may be beneficial to the therapy of cognitive impairment induced by neuroinflammation. In the study, the effect of exogenous mitochondria on cognitive impairment induced by neuroinflammation was investigated. The results showed that mitochondrial treatment ameliorated the cognitive performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Additionally, mitochondrial therapy attenuated neuronal injury and down-regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and pro- and cleaved IL-1ß, and the expression of Iba-1 and GFAP in the hippocampus and cortex of LPS-treated mice. Additionally, mitochondrial treatment increased mitochondrial ΔΨm, ATP level, and SOD activity and attenuated MDA level and ROS production in the brains of LPS-treated mice. The study reports the beneficial effect of mitochondrial treatment against cognitive impairment of LPS-treated mice, thereby providing a potential strategy for the treatment of cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation.

Activation of the hypoxia response in the aging cerebrovasculature protects males against cognitive impairment.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a distinct sex bias. Age-related vascular alterations, a hallmark of AD onset and progression, are consistently associated with sexual dimorphism. Here, we conducted an integrative meta-analysis of 335,803 single-nucleus transcriptomes and 667 bulk transcriptomes from the vascular system in AD and normal aging to address the underlying sex-dependent vascular aging in AD. All vascular cell types in male AD patients exhibited an activated hypoxia response and downstream signaling pathways including angiogenesis. The female AD vasculature is characterized by increased antigen presentation and decreased angiogenesis. We further confirmed that these sex-biased alterations in the cerebral vascular emerged and were primarily determined in the early stages of AD. Sex-stratified analysis of normal vascular aging revealed that angiogenesis and various stress-response genes were downregulated concurrently with female aging. Conversely, the hypoxia response increased steadily in males upon aging. An investigation of upstream driver transcription factors (TFs) revealed that altered communication between estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and hypoxia induced factors during menopause contributes to the inhibition of angiogenesis during normal female vascular aging. Additionally, inhibition of CREB1, a TF that targets estrogen, is also related to female AD. Overall, our study revealed a distinct cerebral vascular profile in females and males, and revealed novel targets for precision medicine therapy for AD.

Risk Perception, Acceptance, and Trust of Using AI in Gastroenterology Practice in the Asia-Pacific Region: Web-Based Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) can revolutionize health care, but this raises risk concerns. It is therefore crucial to understand how clinicians trust and accept AI technology. Gastroenterology, by its nature of being an image-based and intervention-heavy specialty, is an area where AI-assisted diagnosis and management can be applied extensively. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to study how gastroenterologists or gastrointestinal surgeons accept and trust the use of AI in computer-aided detection (CADe), computer-aided characterization (CADx), and computer-aided intervention (CADi) of colorectal polyps in colonoscopy. METHODS: We conducted a web-based questionnaire from November 2022 to January 2023, involving 5 countries or areas in the Asia-Pacific region. The questionnaire included variables such as background and demography of users; intention to use AI, perceived risk; acceptance; and trust in AI-assisted detection, characterization, and intervention. We presented participants with 3 AI scenarios related to colonoscopy and the management of colorectal polyps. These scenarios reflect existing AI applications in colonoscopy, namely the detection of polyps (CADe), characterization of polyps (CADx), and AI-assisted polypectomy (CADi). RESULTS: In total, 165 gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons responded to a web-based survey using the structured questionnaire designed by experts in medical communications. Participants had a mean age of 44 (SD 9.65) years, were mostly male (n=116, 70.3%), and mostly worked in publicly funded hospitals (n=110, 66.67%). Participants reported relatively high exposure to AI, with 111 (67.27%) reporting having used AI for clinical diagnosis or treatment of digestive diseases. Gastroenterologists are highly interested to use AI in diagnosis but show different levels of reservations in risk prediction and acceptance of AI. Most participants (n=112, 72.72%) also expressed interest to use AI in their future practice. CADe was accepted by 83.03% (n=137) of respondents, CADx was accepted by 78.79% (n=130), and CADi was accepted by 72.12% (n=119). CADe and CADx were trusted by 85.45% (n=141) of respondents and CADi was trusted by 72.12% (n=119). There were no application-specific differences in risk perceptions, but more experienced clinicians gave lesser risk ratings. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroenterologists reported overall high acceptance and trust levels of using AI-assisted colonoscopy in the management of colorectal polyps. However, this level of trust depends on the application scenario. Moreover, the relationship among risk perception, acceptance, and trust in using AI in gastroenterology practice is not straightforward.

Possible Strategies to Reduce the Tumorigenic Risk of Reprogrammed Normal and Cancer Cells.

The reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells has immense potential for use in regenerating or redeveloping tissues for transplantation, and the future application of this method is one of the most important research topics in regenerative medicine. These cells are generated from normal cells, adult stem cells, or neoplastic cancer cells. They express embryonic stem cell markers, such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, and can differentiate into all tissue types in adults, both in vitro and in vivo. However, tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity of cell populations may hamper the use of this method in medical therapeutics. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of these stemness genes during the transformation of pluripotent stem cells to cancer cells and on the alteration of the microenvironments of stem cell niches at genetic and epigenetic levels. Recent reports have shown that the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human fibroblasts could be induced using chemicals, which is a safe, easy, and clinical-grade manufacturing strategy for modifying the cell fate of human cells required for regeneration therapies. This strategy is one of the future routes for the clinical application of reprogramming therapy. Therefore, this review highlights the recent progress in research focused on decreasing the tumorigenic risk of iPSCs or iPSC-derived organoids and increasing the safety of iPSC cell preparation and their application for therapeutic benefits.

Microbiome signatures associated with clinical stages of gastric Cancer: whole metagenome shotgun sequencing study.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is one of the global health concerns. A series of studies on the stomach have confirmed the role of the microbiome in shaping gastrointestinal diseases. Delineation of microbiome signatures to distinguish chronic gastritis from gastric cancer will provide a non-invasive preventative and treatment strategy. In this study, we performed whole metagenome shotgun sequencing of fecal samples to enhance the detection of rare bacterial species and increase genome sequence coverage. Additionally, we employed multiple bioinformatics approaches to investigate the potential targets of the microbiome as an indicator of differentiating gastric cancer from chronic gastritis. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients were enrolled, comprising 33 individuals with chronic gastritis and 32 with gastric cancer. Within each group, the chronic gastritis group was sub-grouped into intestinal metaplasia (n = 15) and non-intestinal metaplasia (n = 18); the gastric cancer group, early stage (stages 1 and 2, n = 13) and late stage (stages 3 and 4, n = 19) cancer. No significant differences in alpha and beta diversities were detected among the patient groups. However, in a two-group univariate comparison, higher Fusobacteria abundance was identified in phylum; Fusobacteria presented higher abundance in gastric cancer (LDA scored 4.27, q = 0.041 in LEfSe). Age and sex-adjusted MaAsLin and Random Forest variable of importance (VIMP) analysis in species provided meaningful features; Bacteria_caccae was the most contributing species toward gastric cancer and late-stage cancer (beta:2.43, se:0.891, p:0.008, VIMP score:2.543). In contrast, Bifidobacterium_longum significantly contributed to chronic gastritis (beta:-1.8, se:0.699, p:0.009, VIMP score:1.988). Age, sex, and BMI-adjusted MasAsLin on metabolic pathway analysis showed that GLCMANNANAUT-PWY degradation was higher in gastric cancer and one of the contributing species was Fusobacterium_varium. CONCLUSION: Microbiomes belonging to the pathogenic phylum Fusobacteria and species Bacteroides_caccae and Streptococcus_anginosus can be significant targets for monitoring the progression of gastric cancer. Whereas Bifidobacterium_longum and Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_5_1_63FAA might be protection biomarkers against gastric cancer.

Neuronal cell cycle reentry events in the aging brain are more prevalent in neurodegeneration and lead to cellular senescence.

Increasing evidence indicates that terminally differentiated neurons in the brain may recommit to a cell cycle-like process during neuronal aging and under disease conditions. Because of the rare existence and random localization of these cells in the brain, their molecular profiles and disease-specific heterogeneities remain unclear. Through a bioinformatics approach that allows integrated analyses of multiple single-nucleus transcriptome datasets from human brain samples, these rare cell populations were identified and selected for further characterization. Our analyses indicated that these cell cycle-related events occur predominantly in excitatory neurons and that cellular senescence is likely their immediate terminal fate. Quantitatively, the number of cell cycle re-engaging and senescent neurons decreased during the normal brain aging process, but in the context of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), these cells accumulate instead. Transcriptomic profiling of these cells suggested that disease-specific differences were predominantly tied to the early stage of the senescence process, revealing that these cells presented more proinflammatory, metabolically deregulated, and pathology-associated signatures in disease-affected brains. Similarly, these general features of cell cycle re-engaging neurons were also observed in a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons identified in the Parkinson's disease (PD)-Lewy body dementia (LBD) model. An extended analysis conducted in a mouse model of brain aging further validated the ability of this bioinformatics approach to determine the robust relationship between the cell cycle and senescence processes in neurons in this cross-species setting.

Di-n-butyl phthalate promotes the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells through neurogenic differentiation 1.

An understanding of the risk of gene deletion and mutation posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is necessary for the identification of etiological reagents for many human diseases. Therefore, the characterization of the genetic traits caused by developmental exposure to EDCs is an important research subject. A new regenerative approach using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) holds promise for the development of stem-cell-based therapies and the identification of novel therapeutic agents against human diseases. Here, we focused on the characterization of the genetic traits and alterations in pluripotency/stemness triggered by phthalate ester derivatives. Regarding their in vitro effects, we reported the abilities of ESCs regarding proliferation, cell-cycle control, and neural ectoderm differentiation. The expression of their stemness-related genes and their genetic changes toward neural differentiation were examined, which led to the observation that the tumor suppressor gene product p53/retinoblastoma protein 1 and its related cascades play critical functions in cell-cycle progression, cell death, and neural differentiation. In addition, the expression of neurogenic differentiation 1 was affected by exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate in the context of cell differentiation into neural lineages. The nervous system is one of the most sensitive tissues to exposure to phthalate ester derivatives. The present screening system provides a good tool for studying the mechanisms underlying the effects of EDCs on the developmental regulation of humans and rodents, especially on the neuronal development of ESCs.

Rapid identification of mushroom toxins by direct electrospray probe mass spectrometry for emergency care.

Mushroom poisoning occurs frequently after the ingestion of toxic wild mushrooms misidentified as edible species. The goal of this study is to develop a mass spectrometric platform to bypass the need for morphological recognition of poisonous mushrooms by experts and rapidly identify the toxins in the mushrooms for emergency care. Trace mushroom toxins were collected by penetrating and removing the mushrooms surface for 3 mm with a direct electrospray probe (DEP). The analytes on the DEP were then dissolved in the solution (70% isopropanol containing 0.1% acetic acid) flowing out of a solvent reservoir on the DEP. Electrospray ionization was induced from the sample solution as a high electric field was generated between the DEP and MS inlet. The obtaining mass spectrometric results were further analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) to classify mushroom toxins. The mass spectrometric platform for detecting mushroom toxins was assessed for its sensitivity, precision, and efficiency by determining its limit-of-detection (LOD), repeatability, and turnaround time, respectively. As a result, the LODs of the mushroom toxins in pure methanol and spiked in human vomitus by DEP/MS were within 0.001-0.5 ng/µL and 0.01-1 ng/µL, respectively. Linear responses of the mushroom toxins in pure methanol with concentrations between 0.01 and 5 ng/µL (R2 between 0.9922 and 0.998) were obtained. The repeatability of the approach (n = 10) was shown in the low relative standard deviation value (<15%) from ten repeat analysis of mushroom toxins standard solution. The corresponding toxic compounds were identified through matching of the obtained mass spectrometric data with those provided by its companion database library of mushroom toxins. Since no time-consuming pretreatment of the samples is required, identification of mushroom toxins with DEP/MS was complete within 1 min. This will be helpful for the emergency physicians to make correct clinical judgment and prescribe appropriate medical treatment in a timely manner.

Endothelial Mitochondria Transfer to Melanoma Induces M2-Type Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Tumor Growth by the Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Pathway.

Gynecologic tract melanoma is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Because of the low survival rate and the lack of a standard treatment protocol related to this condition, the investigation of the mechanisms underlying melanoma progression is crucial to achieve advancements in the relevant gynecological surgery and treatment. Mitochondrial transfer between adjacent cells in the tumor microenvironment regulates tumor progression. This study investigated the effects of endothelial mitochondria on the growth of melanoma cells and the activation of specific signal transduction pathways following mitochondrial transplantation. Mitochondria were isolated from endothelial cells (ECs) and transplanted into B16F10 melanoma cells, resulting in the upregulation of proteins associated with tumor growth. Furthermore, enhanced antioxidation and mitochondrial homeostasis mediated by the Sirt1-PGC-1α-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway were observed, along with the inhibition of apoptotic protein caspase-3. Finally, the transplantation of endothelial mitochondria into B16F10 cells promoted tumor growth and increased M2-type macrophages through Nrf2/HO-1-mediated pathways in a xenograft animal model. In summary, the introduction of exogenous mitochondria from ECs into melanoma cells promoted tumor growth, indicating the role of mitochondrial transfer by stromal cells in modulating a tumor's phenotype. These results provide valuable insights into the role of mitochondrial transfer and provide potential targets for gynecological melanoma treatment.

Patient Characteristics Associated with Concurrent Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection and Severe Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics associated with concurrent Klebsiella pneu-moniae (K. pneumoniae) infection in hospitalized patients with severe pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on hospitalized severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients between January 2019 and December 2020. Among the 487 patients with severe pulmonary tuberculosis, a positive sputum culture for K. pneumoniae was reported in 76 patients (15.6%, 61 males and 15 females). RESULTS: Among these patients, 27 (35.5%) and 49 (64.5%) patients were with and without K. pneumoniae infection, respectively. Compared to patients without K. pneumoniae infection, patients with K. pneumoniae infection had higher mortality (16.3% vs. 40.7%, p = 0.02), and lower inhibitory/cytotoxic CD8 count (24.2 ± 9.9 vs. 17.8 ± 8.0, p = 0.02), complement C4 (0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1, p = 0.01), and retinol-binding protein level (32.2 ± 22.2 vs. 22.4 ± 11.8, p = 0.02). Furthermore, the acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was associated with the K. pneumoniae infection in severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that a significant number of severe pulmonary tuberculosis patients can have concurrent K. pneumoniae infection. Immunity, nutritional status, and disease severity are associated with the concurrent infection of K. pneumoniae in these patients.

Development of an m6A-Related lncRNAs Signature Predicts Tumor Stemness and Prognosis for Low-Grade Glioma Patients.

Background: Growing evidence has revealed that m6A modification of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) dynamically controls tumor stemness and tumorigenesis-related processes. However, the prognostic significance of m6A-related lncRNAs and their associations with stemness in low-grade glioma (LGG) remain to be clarified. Methods: A multicenter transcriptome analysis of lncRNA expression in 1,247 LGG samples was performed in this study. The stemness landscape of LGG tumors was presented and associations with clinical features were revealed. The m6A-related lncRNAs were identified between stemness groups and were further prioritized via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis. A risk score model based on m6A-related lncRNAs was constructed and validated in external LGG datasets. Results: Based on the expression of LINC02984, PFKP-DT, and CRNDE, a risk model and nomogram were constructed; they successfully predicted the survival of patients and were extended to external datasets. Significant correlations were observed between the risk score and tumor stemness. Moreover, patients in different risk groups exhibited distinct tumor immune microenvironments and immune signatures. We finally provided several potential compounds suitable for specific risk groups, which may aid in LGG treatment. Conclusions: This novel signature presents noteworthy value in the prediction of prognosis and stemness status for LGG patients and will foster future research on the development of clinical regimens.

Identification of female-enriched and disease-associated microglia (FDAMic) contributes to sexual dimorphism in late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common form of dementia; it disproportionally affects women in terms of both incidence rates and severity of progression. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical phenomenon remain elusive and ill-defined. METHODS: In-depth analyses were performed with multiple human LOAD single-nucleus transcriptome datasets to thoroughly characterize cell populations in the cerebral cortex. ROSMAP bulk human brain tissue transcriptome and DNA methylome datasets were also included for validation. Detailed assessments of microglial cell subpopulations and their relevance to sex-biased changes at the tissue level were performed. Clinical trait associations, cell evolutionary trajectories, and transcription regulon analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The relative numbers of functionally defective microglia were aberrantly increased uniquely among affected females. Substratification of the microglia into different subtypes according to their transcriptomic signatures identified a group of female-enriched and disease-associated microglia (FDAMic), the numbers of which were positively associated with disease severity. Phenotypically, these cells exhibit transcriptomic signatures that support active proliferation, MHC class II autoantigen presentation and amyloid-ß binding, but they are also likely defective in phagocytosis. FDAMic are likely evolved from female activated response microglia (ARMic) with an APOE4 background and compromised estrogen receptor (ER) signaling that is deemed to be active among most subtypes of microglia. CONCLUSION: This study offered important insights at both the cellular and molecular levels into how ER signaling affects microglial heterogeneity and function. FDAMic are associated with more advanced pathologies and severe trends of cognitive decline. Their emergence could, at least in part, explain the phenomenon of greater penetrance of the APOE4 genotype found in females. The biases of FDAMic emergence toward female sex and APOE4 status may also explain why hormone replacement therapy is more effective in APOE4 carriers. The pathologic nature of FDAMic suggests that selective modulations of these cells may help to regain brain neuroimmune homeostasis, serving as a new target for future drug development.

Ameliorative Role of Mitochondrial Therapy in Cognitive Function of Vascular Dementia Mice.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in the progression of vascular dementia (VaD). We hypothesized that transfer of exogenous mitochondria might be a beneficial strategy for VaD treatment. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to investigate the role of mitochondrial therapy in cognitive function of VaD. METHODS: The activity and integrity of isolated mitochondria were detected using MitoTracker and Janus Green B staining assays. After VaD mice were intravenously injected with exogenous mitochondria, Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were used to detect cognitive function of VaD mice. Haematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, TUNEL, and Golgi staining assays were utilized to measure neuronal and synaptic injury in the hippocampus of VaD mice. Detection kits were performed to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), SOD activity and the levels of ATP, ROS, and MDA in the brains of VaD mice. RESULTS: The results showed that isolated mitochondria were intact and active. Mitochondrial therapy could ameliorate cognitive performance of VaD mice. Additionally, mitochondrial administration could attenuate hippocampal neuronal and synaptic injury, improve mitochondrial ΔΨ, ATP level and SOD activity, and reduce ROS and MDA levels in the brains of VaD mice. CONCLUSIONS: The study reports profitable effect of mitochondrial therapy against cognitive impairment of VaD, making mitochondrial treatment become a promising therapeutic strategy for VaD.

Gliclazide Ameliorates Neuronal Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in D-gal-Induced Senescent Cells and Aging Mice.

Enhancement of oxidative stress and resultant neuronal injury play important roles in initiating cognitive impairment during the aging process. Thus, attenuating oxidative injury is regarded as a profitable therapeutic strategy for age-associated cognitive impairment. Previous studies showed that gliclazide (Gli) had a protective role in neuronal injury from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether Gli has a profitable effect on age-associated cognitive impairment remains largely unclear. The present study showed that Gli held the potential to attenuate neuronal apoptosis in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. Additionally, Gli could alleviate synaptic injury and cognitive function in D-gal-induced aging mice. Further study showed that Gli could attenuate oxidative stress in D-gal-induced senescent cells and aging mice. The p38 MAPK pathway was predicted as the downstream target of Gli retarding oxidative stress using in silico analysis. Further studies revealed that Gli attenuated D-gal-induced phosphorylation of p38 and facilitated Nrf2 nuclear expression, indicating that the anti-oxidative property of Gli may be associated with the p38 MAPK pathway. The study demonstrates that Gli has a beneficial effect on ameliorating D-gal-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairment, making this compound a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of age-associated cognitive impairment.

Development of a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model Recapitulating LKB1 and PTEN Deficiency in Gastric Cancer Pathogenesis.

The LKB1 and PTEN genes are critical in gastric cancer (G.C.) development. LKB1, a robust tumor suppressor gene, encodes a serine/threonine kinase that directly triggers the activation of AMPK-an integral cellular metabolic kinase. The role of the LKB1 pathway extends to maintaining the stability of epithelial junctions by regulating E-cadherin expression. Conversely, PTEN, a frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in various human cancers, emerges as a pivotal negative regulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. This study is set to leverage the H+/K+ ATPase Cre transgene strain to precisely target Cre recombinase expression at parietal cells within the stomach. This strategic maneuver seeks to selectively nullify the functions of both LKB1 and PTEN in a manner specific to the stomach, thereby instigating the development of G.C. in a fashion akin to human gastric adenocarcinoma. Moreover, this study endeavors to dissect the intricate ways in which these alterations contribute to the histopathologic advancement of gastric tumors, their potential for invasiveness and metastasis, their angiogenesis, and the evolving tumor stromal microenvironment. Our results show that conditional deletion of PTEN and LKB1 provides an ideal cancer microenvironment for G.C. tumorigenesis by promoting cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis.

Heterogeneity of Phase II Enzyme Ligands on Controlling the Progression of Human Gastric Cancer Organoids as Stem Cell Therapy Model.

Gastric cancer (GC) organoids are frequently used to examine cell proliferation and death as well as cancer development. Invasion/migration assay, xenotransplantation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were used to examine the effects of antioxidant drugs, including perillaldehyde (PEA), cinnamaldehyde (CA), and sulforaphane (SFN), on GC. PEA and CA repressed the proliferation of human GC organoids, whereas SFN enhanced it. Caspase 3 activities were also repressed on treatment with PEA and CA. Furthermore, the tumor formation and invasive activities were repressed on treatment with PEA and CA, whereas they were enhanced on treatment with SFN. These results in three-dimensional (3D)-GC organoids showed the different cancer development of phase II enzyme ligands in 2D-GC cells. ROS production and the expression of TP53, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2), and Jun dimerization protein 2 were also downregulated on treatment with PEA and CA, but not SFN. NRF2 knockdown reversed the effects of these antioxidant drugs on the invasive activities of the 3D-GC organoids. Moreover, ROS production was also inhibited by treatment with PEA and CA, but not SFN. Thus, NRF2 plays a key role in the differential effects of these antioxidant drugs on cancer progression in 3D-GC organoids. PEA and CA can potentially be new antitumorigenic therapeutics for GC.

Gut butyrate-producers confer post-infarction cardiac protection.

The gut microbiome and its metabolites are increasingly implicated in several cardiovascular diseases, but their role in human myocardial infarction (MI) injury responses have yet to be established. To address this, we examined stool samples from 77 ST-elevation MI (STEMI) patients using 16 S V3-V4 next-generation sequencing, metagenomics and machine learning. Our analysis identified an enriched population of butyrate-producing bacteria. These findings were then validated using a controlled ischemia/reperfusion model using eight nonhuman primates. To elucidate mechanisms, we inoculated gnotobiotic mice with these bacteria and found that they can produce beta-hydroxybutyrate, supporting cardiac function post-MI. This was further confirmed using HMGCS2-deficient mice which lack endogenous ketogenesis and have poor outcomes after MI. Inoculation increased plasma ketone levels and provided significant improvements in cardiac function post-MI. Together, this demonstrates a previously unknown role of gut butyrate-producers in the post-MI response.

OsMED16, a tail subunit of Mediator complex, interacts with OsE2Fa to synergistically regulate rice leaf development and blast resistance.

Mediator, a universal eukaryotic coactivator, is a multiprotein complex to transduce information from the DNA-bound transcription factors to the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery. In this study, the biofunctions of a rice mediator subunit OsMED16 in leaf development and blast resistance were characterized. OsMED16 encodes a putative protein of 1170 amino acids, which is 393 bp shorted than the version in Rice Genome Annotation Project databases. Overexpression of OsMED16 plants exhibited wider leaves with larger and more numerous cells in lateral axis, and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae with hyperaccumulated salicylic acid. Further analysis revealed that OsMED16 interacts with OsE2Fa in nuclei, and the complex could directly regulate the transcriptional levels of several genes involved in cell cycle regulation and SA mediated blast resistance, such as OsCC52A1, OsCDKA1, OsCDKB2;2, OsICS1 and OsWRKY45. Altogether, this study proved that OsMED16 is a positive regulator of rice leaf development and blast resistance, and providing new insights into the crosstalk between cell cycle regulation and immunity.

Relationship between carbon stock and the structure of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Tianmu Mountains, China.

Taking the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province as research object, we divided the tree species into three pairs, including evergreen and deci-duous species, broad-leaved and coniferous species, dominant and non-dominant species, to compare the difference of the individual tree carbon stock of each pair and analyze the diameter distribution pattern and tree height distribution pattern of carbon stocks. The relationship between spatial structure and individual tree carbon stock was analyzed by using spatial structure indicators including V_Hegyi competition index, complete mingling and aggregation index, to reveal the relationship between the structure of coniferous and broad-leaved forests and carbon stocks, and provide a theoretical basis for management of forest carbon sequestration. The results showed that the average individual carbon stock for evergreen and deciduous species, broad-leaved and coniferous species, dominant and non-dominant species were 57.7 and 87.4 kg, 54.6 and 74.7 kg, 67.4 and 48.1 kg, respectively. The individual tree carbon stock of evergreen species was significantly lower than that of deciduous species, the individual tree carbon stock of broad-leaved species was significantly lower than that of coniferous species, and the individual tree carbon stock of dominant tree species was significantly higher than that of non-dominant tree species. The diameter distribution and height distribution of carbon stock of each species group obeyed normal distribution. The V_Hegyi competition index was significantly negatively correlated with individual tree carbon stock, and it was consistent with the power function distribution. Both complete mingling and aggregation index were linearly and positively correlated with individual tree carbon stock. The direction of influence of different spatial structures on the individual tree carbon stock was consistent. The structure of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest had a significant impact on individual tree carbon stock. In the management of forest carbon sequestration and sink enhancement, it is necessary to regulate the unreasonable forest structure and promote its succession to the climax community in order to improve forest carbon stock.